a ba ta tha ja Ha kha da dha ra za sa sha Sa Dha Ta Tha Aa Gha fa qa ka la ma na ha wa ya i bi ti thi ji Hi khi di dhi ri zi si shi Si Dhi Ti Thi Ei ghi fi qi ki li mi ni hi wi yi ou bu tu thu ju Hu khu du dhu ru zu su shu Su Dhu Tu Thu Uu ghu fu qu ku lu mu nu hu wu yu The discussion is about vowels in the Arabic Language Unlike English where vowels are made from the letters of the Alphabet In Arabic, we have 3 distinct signs for vowels and they are on the left hand side, Dhamma, Fat-ha and Kasra. So here we have the noon, so the way we would write the dhamma is as follows it's like a small waaw and it has the sound of "oo" So the way you pronounce this is "nu" Secondly we have the fat-ha. It is written as a tilted line over the letter and it has the sound of "a" So this would be pronounced "na" Finally, we have the kasra, it is similar to the fat-ha but is written at the bottom of the letter and has an "i" sound so that would be pronounced as "ni" It is a good idea to memorize these 3 names ( Dhamma , fatha and kasra) which will help you in your studies in Arabic. Let us now look at a word in Arabic that has these 3 vowels in it. let us try to pronounce this word This is the letter Kaaf which has a "k" sound and on top of it is a dhamma, so there is a "u" sound following it so that would be "ku" Then we have the letter taa with a kasra So that would be "ti" So together it would be "ku-ti" Then we have the letter baa with a fatha on top And remember the fatha as a "a" sound So that would be "ba" So altogether it would be "Ku-ti-ba" Which means: it was written, prescribed So this was a brief explanation of vowels