Initially, humans were hunter-gatherers, moving constantly in search of food.
Approximately 10,000 years ago, the advent of selective breeding and agriculture allowed humans to raise food, leading to the formation of semi-permanent villages.
Villages were semi-permanent because soil depletion necessitated relocation.
Advancements in Agriculture
Around 5,000 years ago, techniques like irrigation and soil tilling allowed permanent settlements by providing a steady food supply.
Food surpluses led to the development of specialized trades and the rise of cities.
Cities facilitated commerce and long-distance interaction.
Growth of Cities
Historical Urban Density
Ancient cities had high population densities due to limited transportation and proximity to resources like clean water.
Cities were physically limited by defensive walls.
Roman and Modern Infrastructure
Roman Empire developed infrastructure to overcome urban limitations.
Industrial Revolution marked significant urban expansion with mass deployment of technology.
Establishment of essential services like police, fire departments, sanitation, road networks, and electricity.
Current and Future Urbanization
Current Demographics
More than half of the global population lives in urban areas; expected to reach 70% by mid-century.
Most urban growth will happen in the poorest countries.
Challenges and Solutions
Need to provide adequate food, sanitation, and education for growing urban populations.
Sustainable growth to prevent damage to essential land.
Innovations for Future Cities
Food production may shift to vertical farms, rooftop gardens, or vacant lots.
Increased use of renewable energy sources.
Rise of vertical living spaces and self-sufficient buildings.
Cities to become centers of local and sustainable production.
Vision for Future Cities
Diverse and adaptable; not centered around a single industry.