Hello everybody. Uh this is your chapter 3 video uh covering the chapter entitled creating new social orders colonial societies. So we're going to build here upon uh what we've pre previously discussed um which was the establishment of the um the Atlantic world. Um now with the planting of more permanent uh and flourishing colonies in the new world by England. Um I'm going to introduce to you here right off the bat three separate colonial regions. I'm going to want you to to recognize these regions very distinctly within the English uh North American world. Um recognizing that within each of these regions there is a little complexity, but what I'm trying to paint for you here are going to be kind of some cultural and economic features that distinguish each of the regions from one another. And so there's a general regional identity here um within these three realms. Um, in this chapter, we're going to talk about the the first two that are established kind of chronologically, the um English South, um, which will cover, as you see here, kind of two distinct sub regions, the Chesapeake Bay and the lower south, right? But basically Maryland to the southwards. Um, and then we're going to look at New England, um, which of course is everything you see here. Okay. Now, I'm going to show you a slide just establishing what we're going to call the middle colonies. Um, so you can kind of see that side by side with these other two. Um, but the discussion of the middle colonies is in your chapter 4 of your text. So, I'll hold off on talking about these colonies directly uh until the next uh the next chapter. All right? But I just want to get you right off here started that I want you to to think of this entity as three distinct regions. This will have tremendous ramifications on the, you know, develop later development of the United States. Um because these identities, they don't go away. uh and in fact the American Civil War. We can find the roots of that uh right here from the origins and even today um depending on where you're watching this from. You might be in the south, you might be in the north. If you've traveled from one to the other, you will note significant cultural differences. And in our politics today, look at how the map is painted blue and red. And you're going to find that that even today, these distinctions are are are not not absent. And the roots are all all back here in the 16 and early 1700s. All right. So, uh the the English South uh will be comprised of two slightly separate sub regions, the Chesapeake Bay, uh which is Virginia and Maryland, right? Um and really there's going to be cultural similarities between the Chesapeake Bay and what we'll call the lower south, which are the Carolinas and Georgia. Um but, uh really it's going to be uh just a slight economic difference um between the two. And you can see that there's a huge difference uh in kind of the the establishment dates of these as well. Chesapeake Bay being much older and the lower south later. In fact, your reading will cover the the lower south uh in chapter 4. But for for for our purposes, I want to lump it in culturally uh with the south. So, I'm going to introduce that here now. Okay. Uh compare that then to uh New England. Um northern colonial uh northern colonial development. So, New England and the North are the same thing, right? In my parliamentes, I'm talking about the same thing here, right? New England um or the north. And this comp is comprised of eventually the colony of Massachusetts, which is a merger of two earlier colonies, Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay, right in 1691, merging into Massachusetts, uh Rhode Island down here, uh Connecticut, uh and New Hampshire. And you can actually see on this map the divisions between Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth Colony. Um and then eventually Rhode Island carved out of this. Um so that will be northern colonial development. And then we want to talk about um in the next chapter um we will talk about middle colonies um which is New York, right? New Jersey, excuse me, uh Pennsylvania and Delaware. So I will not discuss these directly in this uh lecture. Um we'll talk about those uh with chapter 4. Okay. So let's uh then go through this chronologically and take a look at the uh the southern colonial um kind of features that I think are worth us recognizing. Um we should again culturally think of the south as as one entity um united and kind of how they live and how they view the world. Um they will have a slightly different economic background. So the economy of the south will be um built upon what we call cash crops. Um the southern climate is warmer than that of Europe. Um and that means it can grow things that are not um able to be produced in Europe. And then these are commodities that then are highly valuable in Europe, which is why we call them cash crops. Okay. In the Chesapeake Bay, that crop will be tobacco. uh tobacco will um will really be the the backbone of the Maryland and and Virginia economies and the lower south uh it'll be a little bit more diversified, but the major cash crop early on will be uh this uh product here. It's called indigo. And indigo is this little purple flower um that made a a really highly soughtafter dye for clothing. And you could we could go into deeper discussion about why this is valuable, but you know, if you if you know much about um history, you know that the color of royalty is purple. Um purple being a very very um difficult dye to make in the old world. Uh and so this indigo was something that could produce this very very popular, very expensive dye purple and everyday people could now start to afford essentially the color of royalty. So it's very very valuable. Um because of the um profitability of these two uh cash crops, um we have then the um establishment of kind of labor solutions uh on the farms of the the the southern colonies um to to make these c these you know cash crops initially. So we know we've already talked a little bit about slavery and coerced labor down in the Spanish New World. So, initially in the English New World, they're going to turn to what we call indentured servitude. Indentured servitude being a um you know, a form of selling oneself into into you know service. Um essentially poor people in Europe um would sell themselves into service in exchange for transport to the new world where they were supposed to serve a number of years in exchange for all those costs and then eventually they would be freed. Generally the terms were around seven years. Um and this was for many people this was the only solution they had to poverty etc. Um servitude worked early on um for a variety of reasons but as time goes on through as the 17th century evolves this becomes less and less popular. Um and southern uh farm owners plantation owners are going to increasingly turn to slavery. again seeing the Spanish model uh that's emerging down in the in the Caribbean and in South America with sugar plantations and they're going to increasingly move away from servitude and towards um slavery. Now, like the Spanish, they will initially look towards native peoples uh as that source of um labor. Um there's some pretty ugly stuff going on in the American South. um huge campaigns into the interior, seizing native peoples, enslaving them, hauling them out to the coasts, being sold into bondage, really bad stuff. Um but this too doesn't prove to be, you know, enough or the the perfect solution for the the southern plantation owners uh for a variety of reasons. And so, as we saw in the Spanish New World, ultimately the principal solution to the labor issue in the South will be the transatlantic trade in African enslaved peoples. Um, the transatlantic African slavery um system. And so, you're going to see then that millions and millions of people uh will be shipped to the American South to grow tobacco and indigo. and the entire society. And this is a newspaper article just kind of showing um you know how prevalent this is. This becomes really uh the underpinning of the entire southern economy which I just notice here is misspelled. All right. So what does this do? What type of society then emerges uh in uh such an economy? um we have these kind of four features and in each one of the colonial regions I'm going to talk about kind of these four categories. One is kind of physically how society is laid out. Second is how law the law is viewed by these people. Third is religion, how religion fits in. And then the fourth will be about wealth distribution. Okay. Um, so you can kind of make a chart that helps you. Um, or just kind of take great note of this so that you can compare it to the north and later on the middle colonies. All right. So I think the first thing that we should recognize in the south is that we have what I like to call scattered settlement. Meaning because everybody's focused on at these agricultural pursuits and the more land you have, the more cash crop you can grow. Everybody's going to kind of be there's going to be a rush to seize land and everybody's going to scatter across the countryside. you're not going to really find urban areas in the in the English southern colonies, right? Everybody's scattered across the countryside. And as a result, right, if we move to line two here, when we think about how these scattered farmers and plantation owners view the law and society, um they believe in a concept called rule of man. The idea being that they are on their plantations, they are kind of the ultimate arbiter of justice and law, right? the plantation owners are essentially many many monarchs of their land and they are they hold all the power and so you don't have this really tightlyknit society um that maybe is more familiar to us today where we have laws and and you know governance etc. Everybody's kind of doing their own thing in the south. That's what I'm getting at with these first two um areas. Now today we think of the south being uh you know kind of the Bible belt very very religious and while the southern peoples are um generally devout Christians which is of course interesting how they equate that with owning human beings but that's another discussion for another day. Um we don't have despite them being Christian we don't have really really rigid and well formulated religious structures. There isn't a church that wields power and influence in the in the south. Everybody's kind of doing their own thing. Again, building on that mentality. Okay. All right. Finally, uh in the English South, we're going to find the greatest isolation of wealth, the greatest disparities in wealth, meaning there are going to be very very very wealthy people who own very good land, own human labor, uh and they're becoming very very wealthy. the George Washingtons, if you will, of the American South. And then anybody who uh who isn't able to to do that is going to be uh very very poor, right? Either you're going to be enslaved uh if you're a person of color or even if you're a you know a white English person or another white person from Europe, if you don't have uh this land, you are not going to have a lot of opportunities because of course if you have a labor system based on slavery, there's not a lot of ability to compete against that. So there's a great amount of poverty versus extreme wealth in the English south. All right. Now let's compare these features then to what we find in the north. So in the north the the people are also going to to be farming um but there's not going to be a great cash crop meaning great meaning large right um because the climate is is cold similar to Europe. So anything you can grow is something that can be grown in Europe and therefore it's not a cash crop. It's not worth really transporting across the Atlantic if it can be grown in England, you know, or Europe. Um so what the the New Englanders, the northerners are doing agriculturally is what we might call subsistence farming. Meaning they're they're going to farm for their own subsistence. So So growing crops for their own communities to eat, but not not really for export. Now to make money then right for their export economy they're going to turn to these two things here. Um timber extraction meaning they're going to they're going to cut down trees. They're going to either ship the timber to Europe um which is in places like England severely deforested. So timber itself can be kind of considered a cash crop. Um or what frequently happened is that the timber was cut down and then the ships the timber was needed to build were actually built in New England and then they could be sailed off to England or wherever sold off wherever else. Um so you kind of have that uh develop and then um the New Englanders themselves would be heavily engaged in their own maritime activities, fishing, whaling, uh eventually commerce. So these are people that that are farmers, you know, they are into lumber, but really the identity of New England early on is is maritime affairs. They are tied to the sea, right? So if the southerners are looking inwards towards more and more land, the New Englanders are kind of f focused outwards towards the the broader world and the seas, if you will. So really two very different mindsets and world views and values. Um so what type of labor is needed to do these types of things? Right now, right off the bat, I don't want us to to pretend like the Southerners are more evil than the northerners in the sense that the Southerners will adopt this large-scale slavery on their plantations. Um, northerners are not morally superior to the Southerners. They use slavery in the north at this time. There are enslaved peoples who work in these activities. Um, it's just that the profitability of using slavery in these areas is not as high as down in the south in the cash crop regions. And so there isn't as much of an incentive. And so slavery exists in the north, both Native American enslaved people and African enslaved people. Um, but it will never be such a a deeply ingrained feature of the North. But at the time of the revolution, slavery is still legal uh in in the north. uh and um and there are slaves that that exist there. It's just never that big of a thing. The people doing the labor are the individuals themselves. And in in the case of say farming, um you know, you had family groups and you had children just doing kind of thinking of a family farm type situation. Okay. Now, some of this is the result of the type of people who come to the north. So we had introduced the concept of the Puritans uh in the last lecture. If you remember the Puritans are those Calvinists people that want to purify the Anglican church but the Anglican church is now right tied to the monarch of England right the monarch of England is the head of state and the head of church. So the Puritans who oppose the Anglican church are then painted as um political dissenters and they are therefore they are not um really you know in a good position in England. And so in the you know in in the six 1600s early 1600s many of the Puritans will flee England to escape persecution. Um many of them will go to Holland which is a a republic on the continent at the time the Dutch Republic. Um they'll find some freedom of religion there but they will not necessarily find um tremendous economic opportunities. So in the 1620s the many of the Puritans tens of thousands of Puritans it's called the great migration will come from both England and the Dutch Republic and they'll come to the new world to find a a place to prosper. They will uh head for Virginia because that's already established u but they find themselves kind of blown off course. They make landfall in what's now Massachusetts. Uh and the rest is history. They end up staying. uh they will um establish you know Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies eventually Massachusetts and then you know Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire after that. Um these people come as a community, right? They come as families and they come as a community in a way that the South didn't develop, right? The South are indentured servants coming and and and other sometimes wealthy people and the corporations that we talked about, right, that are sending just strangers. So we don't have that community feel, right? The um the north you have full religious Puritan communities, full families, people have deep roots with one another coming as units to the new world. So when they arrive they build these towns together. And so the New England is established not in a scattered way, right, with people going all over the place, but you have got these communities, these towns that are built right off the bat. And so the towns, right, the communities are the heart of New England society from day one. All right? And as such, you can't have rule of man. You can't have individuals who think that they're above the law, that on their land they are king. Um, you have established a very deep respect for the law, the rules, right? So this concept of the rule of law, which is how our society is structured today, right? That that nobody's above the law. The law has to be, right? um has to be fair but has to be above everybody else or else there's chaos, there's disorder, right? So that mentality is brought by the Puritans and established firmly in in the DNA of of New England society from day one. Now, because they come as a community, uh they're going to have a very um strict church hierarchy. They're all Puritans. Um so they they have a powerful additional layer of authority and hierarchy there. and that the Puritans will um you know order things. And so you have you know this is a a painting from the the iconic novel the Scarlet Letter which perhaps you've read. Um Hester Prin has commits adultery and she's kind of tossed out of society. She the Scarlet A for adultery you know sewn on her on her on her chest and she has to um she has to be an ex exile because of the church right saying that she's immoral. So the church adds this layer of authority. People have to follow it. So we got a lot of rule following, a lot of structure here, right? Here's a woodcut of how a Puritan ideal Puritan family might have looked. Right? And if you you can pause it and take a longer look if you'd like, but what you should see is a woman uh the wife who is um in a pose of of obedience, right? These crossed hands, she's listening intently. Uh the father, the head of the household is instructing the family, right? He's pointing on his fingers. He's he's saying what's what. Uh the wife is pregnant, right? Her primary role is to produce children. And then look how obedient the children are, right? Reading, paying intently, paying intense uh you know um attention to the father. This one's hiding, right? Because fathers would have been pretty terrifying figures in these Puritan families. But this is what New England's about. Order. both at society, in church, in the home, order, order, order. Um, within this society, within this village, then unlike the south, we're going to have what we might call a moderately even wealth distribution, at least early on. Um, the communities come together, everybody's roughly equal. Um, as you know, kind of the commercial stuff takes off, you are going to eventually have wealthy emerge. Um, but it will never be as separate as the south was. there will never be as distinctly rich and poor people at least in the colonial period. You know, we'll get into industrialization later on in American history that that that begins to break down. But during this period, there's always going to be a bit more equality here in the north. Now, um so those are two direct comparisons. I do want to talk a little bit about Puritan militancy. No, no. We have just painted these Puritan peoples as these, you know, very orderly people. And I think we tend to think of religious people as being good, right? If you are a Christian, you're supposed to, you know, love everybody and etc. But um the reality is that these Puritans because of their belief in their rightness, their righteousness, they are actually not super super nice people. meaning that they have complete intolerance towards anybody who is not a Puritan. If you are not part of their community, you are not welcome. You are you are not, you know, um you're not considered uh, you know, good. And so they have a lot of intolerance towards non-puritans. Um there was another Protestant faith in England that was being persecuted at the time. We'll talk about them more with the middle colonies because they're going to be prevalent in New Jersey and in Pennsylvania. Um but that's the the faith of the Quakers. And before Pennsylvania and New Jersey exist, uh many of the Quakers who are fleeing persecution from England, the same as the Puritans had, um they're going to come and try to settle in New New England where they are not welcomed. Um and so the Puritans who had fled here to escape persecution will then become the persecutors of the Quakers uh in New England. And then what you're seeing here in this woodcut is the actual execution of a Quaker um by a um technique called pressing where they would put boards on you and then keep putting uh heavy stones on until the weight became so heavy that your lungs and your chest couldn't elevate anymore and you would suffocate. And that's something that the Puritans, these uber Christian, you know, colonists, uh, did to other Christians um, that weren't simply believing their specific version of Christianity. Now, of course, that pales in comparison to what they will do to the the pagan native neighbors, the Indians surrounding them. Um, we have two major uh, conflicts, the Peekquat War and King Phillips War. You can see the dates here. um where the uh the New Englanders will attack um their native neighbors. Then the Peekquat war, you kind of see a woodcut here um of one of the tremendous massacres of that uh that conflict. This is the Mystic River Massacre uh where a village of Peekquats here is surrounded. You can see the colonists holding firearms and then native allies who are the Wampao uh out here joining them to attack and destroy a village of of people. They burn it down and indiscriminately murder everybody in the village um to defeat the Peekquats and push them back. And then just what 40 years later uh the Puritans turn on their Wanoic allies in attack um them in what comes to be called King Phillip's war. This is King Phillip here whose father Masso had led the Allies during the Peekquat war. And now his son is turned on uh by the Puritans and they are attacked and King Philip himself is caught and executed and he's drawn and quartered, his arms, legs, and head cut off and spread throughout displayed throughout New England. And that's the the um um treatment he receives after the service his father did for the Puritans 40 years earlier. So, the Puritans are uh can be a um can be a tough tough customer. All right. So, um how do the Native American peoples respond to the emergence and the kind of the the expansion and the stability of these new colonies, right? So, we talked about Jamestown in the last section of the last chapter and Jamestown, you know, was kind of touchandgo, but eventually it survives and it now grows. these colonies now by the 1600s, you know, by the mid600s, by the late 1600s, they're not going anywhere. They're staying. And so native peoples have to now begin to grapple with this reality. And we talked also in the last section about how everything changes for the natives. Um so they have to now um figure out how to survive in this new world. Um now, the stereotypical view of native interactions with European colonizers is one of violence. And as we saw with the Mystic River Massacre, um that that is, you know, definitely true. Um and there's plenty of violence the other way as well, right? You see here, there's actually actually a Jesuit um being burned at the stake uh by um native peoples. And so there's plenty of of, you know, reverse violence as well, native on European violence. And so we we like to not like, but we tend to fixate on this violent interaction. And it's very much a a thing, right? But other natives, you know, again, the natives are a diverse group. Many other natives see um that there might be some alternatives here to just outright violence, right? Some will see that maybe a survival strategy here uh in the um new realities is to ally with uh one European power or another and see that as a source of strength. And we kind of touched on that in the last chapter too with the Iricquay Confederacy which will form a powerful alliance initially with the Dutch and later on with the English out of uh Albany and New York. Um and it gives them great power over natives native neighbors that don't have such an ally. So that's a survival strategy rather than just attacking the Europeans. Um, another opportunity, another option is to convert Christianity to to begin to assimilate uh into uh European society. You kind of see that here. There's a lot of missionary work. There's a cat that came to say hi. Um there's a lot of missionary work here um where you have um missionaries that are trying to convert natives to Christianity. So you have whole villages emerge of natives that leave their traditional families and villages. um they call them praying towns oftentimes and they now begin to assimilate into uh American society and that that will continue on as again a survival strategy. If you can't beat them, join them type idea. And then finally, we have natives that will kind of try to create buffer zones or remove themselves into the interior of the continent um to um to escape all of the negative things which we discussed in the last chapter. um all the negative things that are happening as a result of Europeans coming to the new world. Um you can pause if you want to take a closer look or you can look at the PowerPoint separately on Blackboard. Um but that's what you're kind of seeing here in this map. Um, this is a map showing the movement of the Lenny Lape people who are sometimes referred to the to as the Delaware and they're from eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, the Delaware River Valley um here initially and then they'll eventually migrate into the Suscuana River Valley, then the Ohio River Valley, and then as you can see the map moving further and further west eventually into Oklahoma, Kansas, um, where they survive to the present. And so the Lenian lapi survive when many other eastern native peoples have have been eradicated. Um they survive to the present um because of their willingness and ability to just keep moving, keep staying alive and keeping a future open for their people. Okay. Uh that is uh chapter three. Um I will see you next time. Thank you.