Draft Academy C++ Course Notes

Introduction

• Instructor: Mike
• Course Overview: Learn core concepts of C++ programming.

Course Outline

1. Basics

   • Setup C++ on your computer
   • Install a text editor
   • Write your first program

2. Core Concepts

   • Variables
   • Data types
   • Loops
   • Conditional statements (if statements)
   • Functions
   • Classes and Objects

3. Intermediate Concepts

   • Arrays
   • Pointers
   • Inheritance
   • Encapsulation
   • Constructors
   • Object Functions

Setup Instructions

Tools Required

1. Text Editor

   • Recommendations: Notepad, CodeBlocks (IDE)
   • CodeBlocks: Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for C++

2. C++ Compiler

   • Translates C++ code to machine-readable language
   • Installation tips on Windows, Linux, Mac

Programming Basics

Writing Your First Program

• Example: Hello World

  #include <iostream>
  using namespace std;
  int main() {
      cout << "Hello, World!" << endl;
      return 0;
  }
  ``
  

Variables

• Variable types: ints, doubles, chars, strings
• Example:

  string characterName;
  int characterAge;
  

User Input

• Using cin for basic data types

  int age;
  cout << "Enter your age: ";
  cin >> age;
  

• Using getline for strings

  string fullName;
  cout << "Enter your full name: ";
  getline(cin, fullName);
  

Basic Arithmetic

• Example of adding two numbers

  int num1, num2, sum;
  cout << "Enter num1: ";
  cin >> num1;
  cout << "Enter num2: ";
  cin >> num2;
  sum = num1 + num2;
  cout << "Sum is: " << sum << endl;
  

Control Structures

• If Statements

  if (condition)
     // code to execute
  else
     // alternate code
  

• Switch Statements

  switch(expression) {
     case x: // code
       break;
     default: // code
  }
  

• Loops
  • While Loop

    while (condition)
      // code
    

  • For Loop

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
      // code
    

  • Do-While Loop

    do {
     // code
    } while(condition);
    

Functions

• Function Creation

  returnType functionName(parameters) {
      // code
  }
  

• Example: Exponent Function

  int power(int baseNum, int powNum) {
      int result = 1;
      for (int i = 0; i < powNum; i++)
          result *= baseNum;
      return result;
  }
  

Arrays

• Single and Multi-dimensional arrays

  int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
  int grid[2][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}};
  

• Iterating with loops

  for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
     cout << numbers[i] << endl;
  

Pointers

Basics

• Definition: Memory address variables
• Example:

  int age = 30;
  int *pAge = &age;
  

Dereferencing Pointers

cout << *pAge << endl; // Outputs 30

Pointers in Functions

void swap(int *a, int *b) {
   int temp = *a;
   *a = *b;
   *b = temp;
}

Classes and Objects

Introduction

• Class Declaration

  class Book {
    public:
      string title;
      string author;
      int pages;
  };
  

• Creating Objects

  Book book1;
  book1.title = "1984";
  book1.author = "George Orwell";
  book1.pages = 328;
  

• Constructor Function

  class Book {
     public:
       string title;
       string author;
       int pages;
  
       Book(string aTitle, string anAuthor, int aPages) {
          title = aTitle;
          author = anAuthor;
          pages = aPages;
       }
  };
  Book book1("1984", "George Orwell", 328);
  

Object Functions

class Student {
   public:
     string name;
     double gpa;
     // Constructor
     Student(string aName, double aGPA) {
        name = aName;
        gpa = aGPA;
     }
     // Object function
     bool hasHonors() {
        if (gpa >= 3.5)
           return true;
        return false;
     }
};
Student student1("Mike", 3.7);
cout << student1.hasHonors() << endl; // Outputs 1 (true)

Getters and Setters

• Control access to class attributes

  class Movie {
     private:
       string rating;
     public:
       string title;
       string director;
  
       // Setter
       void setRating(string aRating) {
          if(aRating == "G" || aRating == "PG" || aRating == "PG-13" || aRating == "R")
             rating = aRating;
          else
             rating = "NR";
       }
       // Getter
       string getRating() {
          return rating;
       }
  };
  Movie avengers;
  avengers.setRating("PG-13");
  cout << avengers.getRating(); // Outputs: PG-13
  

Inheritance

• Enable one class to inherit attributes and methods of another

  class Chef {
     public:
       void makeChicken() {
          cout << "The chef makes chicken" << endl;
       }
       void makeSalad() {
          cout << "The chef makes salad" << endl;
       }
  };
  
  class ItalianChef : public Chef {
     public:
       void makePasta() {
          cout << "The chef makes pasta" << endl;
       }
  };
  
  ItalianChef ic;
  ic.makeChicken(); // Outputs: The chef makes chicken
  ic.makePasta(); // Outputs: The chef makes pasta
  

Comments

Single-line comments

// This is a single-line comment
cout << "Hello"; // Inline comment

Multi-line comments

/*
This is a multi-line comment
Comments are useful for understanding code
*/