Lecture Notes: Introduction to Sociology and the Scientific Method

Key Themes

• Sociology is an integral part of daily life.
• It differs from common sense, being more structured and scientific.
• Sociology uses the scientific method to study social phenomena.

Sociology vs. Common Sense

• Sociology:
  • Not just common sense.
  • Relies on scientific analysis to understand societal complexities.
• Common Sense:
  • Based on personal observations and life experiences.
  • Can vary widely between different individuals and cultures.

The Scientific Method in Sociology

• Purpose: To provide structured, objective study of social issues.
• Benefits: Provides a clearer, more accurate understanding than common sense.

Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Ask a Question

   • Define a specific, narrow question or problem.
   • Avoid vague questions (e.g., "What makes a culture rich?").

2. Research Existing Sources

   • Conduct a literature review.
   • Ensure your study is unique and does not plagiarize existing work.

3. Formulate a Hypothesis

   • Hypothesis: An educated guess about the relationship between variables.
   • Variables:
     • Independent Variable: Causes change.
     • Dependent Variable: Is affected by the independent variable.
   • Example: Studying gender treatment in workplaces.

4. Design and Conduct a Study

   • Types of studies include:
     • Surveys
     • Field research
     • Participant observation
     • Ethnography
     • Case studies
     • Experiments
   • Each method serves a specific purpose and yields different data.

5. Draw Conclusions

   • Conclusions are dictated by the hypothesis and study design.
   • Objectivity is key; avoid manipulating findings.

6. Report Results

   • Add to the research body and inform society.
   • Ethical considerations:
     • Include funding sources.
     • Avoid bias in reporting.
     • Researchers held accountable for methodology and conclusions.

Applying the Scientific Method to Social Issues

• Current social topics can be enhanced with scientific study.
• Consider different research designs and their effects on findings.
• Ethical issues beyond objectivity include:
  • Consent and privacy.
  • Transparency in funding and reporting.

Conclusion

• Understanding sociology through the scientific method provides a structured approach to studying complex social phenomena.
• It highlights the importance of objectivity and ethical practices in research.