Lab Unit 2 Overview: Bones, Articulations, and Muscles

Focus of the Lab

• The lab complements lecture material on bones, articulations, and muscles.
• Emphasizes identification of structures rather than physiology.
• No separate terminology section on the exam; focus is on identification.

Exam Details

• Identification of bones, articulation sites, and muscles from an image in the lab manual.
• Unlabeled images will be used for exams.

Study Tips

• Practice with unlabeled images and 3x5 index cards.
• Use tutoring resources for additional practice.

Lab Content

Appendicular Skeleton

• Focus: Arms, legs, and pelvis.
• Key Structures:
  • Pelvic Girdle: Fused ilium (top), pubis (lower anterior), and ischium (lower posterior).
  • Features to Identify: Acetabulum, greater sciatic notch.

Bones to Identify

• Pelvic Girdle
• Femur: Head, neck, shaft, greater trochanter.
• Tibia and Fibula: Tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus.
• Ankle and Foot: Tarsal bones including calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid.

Joints

• Knee Joint
  • Bones: Distal femur, proximal tibia, and fibula, patella.
  • Structures: Tendons, ligaments, medial/lateral meniscus.

Muscles of the Lower Extremities

• Requirements: Identify the muscle, origin, insertion, and action.
• Example: Psoas major (origin: thoracic and lumbar vertebrae; insertion: lesser trochanter).
• Muscles: Gracilis, glutes, sartorius, quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior.

Upper Extremities

• Bones: Scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna.
• Identification: Structures like glenoid fossa, acromion process.

Muscles of Upper Extremities

• Key Muscles: Serratus anterior, pectoralis major/minor, trapezius, deltoid, rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor), biceps, triceps.
• Flexors and Extensors: Flexor carpi ulnaris/radialis, extensor carpi radialis/ulnaris, extensor digitorum.

Study and Practice Suggestions

• Use lab manual images and tutoring resources.
• Create flashcards with muscle names on one side and actions/origins/insertions on the other.
• Focus on repetition and practice to commit structures to memory.