in this video we're going to focus on the functional groups so this is the first functional group we need to be familiar with and this is an alkane an alkane is in hydrocarbon that only contain single carbon hydrogen bonds it doesn't have any double bonds or triple bonds just all single bonds this particular alkane is known as pentane because it has five carbons one two three four five remember methane has one carbon so this is methane ethane has two carbons propane has three butane has four pentane has five hexane has six heptane has seven carbons octane has eight nine has nine and decane has ten now what functional group is represented by this molecule so this particular molecule is known as an alkene that's the functional group so any time you see a carbon-carbon double bond it has an alkene functional group now this particular alkene has four carbons and the double bond is between carbons two and three so you pick the smaller of the two numbers and so you call it two butane now what about this example what if we have a carbon-carbon triple bond in this case this is known as an alkyne so that's the functional group and the particular name for this molecule is two butane it has the suffix iron now if you want to draw the line structure for that molecule looks like this and so this four carbons this is carbon one two three and four now what functional group is represented by these molecules these are known as cycloalkanes it's an alkane because it only has single bonds and it's cyclic it forms a ring-like or circular structure now the first one is known as cyclopentane because as you can see there's five carbons and the second one has six carbons and so it's called cyclo hexane now what about this one let's say if we have a cyclic structure with alternating double bonds what functional group do we have here this is known as an aromatic ring now this particular aromatic ring has a special name called benzene and so you'll see this a lot in a typical organic chemistry course now what about this one what if you see a halogen attach to a hydrocarbon what's the name for it so the functional group for this molecule is known as an alkyl halide now you can also call it a halo alkane that's another way to describe it and so it has the functional group rx where r is the hydrocarbon chain and x is the halogen it could be chlorine x could be bromine as we saw in this example it could be fluorine or iodine so that's an alkyl halide so next up we have an ether an ether is basically an oxygen attached to two r groups the r groups can be methyl groups ethyl groups and so forth so we have two methyl groups attached to this ether so it's called dimethyl ether ethers are polar due to the oxygen and as long as you don't have too many hydrocarbons attached to it if the hydrocarbon chain is not so big it's going to be a relatively polar molecule now what about this one what type of functional group do we have here so if you see an o h group attached to an r group this is known as an alcohol so for this example we have four carbons and the o h group is on carbon one so this is called one butanol for the second example the o h group is on carbon two so that's going to be called 2 butanol so if you see an oh group attached to a hydrocarbon chain it's an alcohol so what about this molecule what type of functional group does it represent and let's compare it to this one so the first one has the generic formula r co and then some other r group if you see that this is a ketone the oxygen looks like this now this particular ketone has five carbon atoms and this is known as a carb a carbonyl group let me say that carefully so that ketone is called two pentanone on the bottom we have an aldehyde and if you see this r c cho that's the functional group for an aldehyde and this is for ketone so this particular aldehyde has a total of six carbon atoms and the aldehyde functional group will always be at the end so you don't need to attach a number to it so this is simply hexanal so instead of a ol you can see it has the suffix al so that's an aldehyde so make sure you could distinguish an aldehyde from a ketone and aldehyde has the carbonyl functional group at the end of the chain a ketone has the carbonyl group somewhere in the middle of the chain and that distinguishes the two now for those of you who might be studying for the organic chemistry final exam i have a video that can help you and it's on my patreon page if you go to patreon.com slash math science tutor you can access that page if you scroll down there's a lot of other videos i have here too but let's say if you're taking the first semester of organic chemistry i have a six hour video that can help you with that if you decide to become a patron now on youtube i have a free two hour trailer version of this video but if you want the entire six hour video you can access it here or on vimeo as well and for those of you who are taking the second semester of organic chemistry i have an eight hour video that you can access as well and there's some other stuff here that you could find too if you're taking gen chem or physics i have stuff on that as well so that's it just in case you're interested so what about this one r c o o h what functional group do you think this represents so this is known as a carboxylic acid so that's another functional group you need to be familiar with and in this example we have a total of six carbons and so this is going to be called hexanoic acid so the suffix for carboxylic acid is oak now what about this one what functional group is represented by this molecule so if you see r c o o r what functional group do we have here so this is represented by something called an ester now to name it this portion here this is the ethanol weight part that includes the carbon with the two oxygens and so it's ethanoate because there's two carbons here and the right side has a methyl group so when you name it you need to put it needs to name this one first so it's methyl ethno8 and so that's how you can name an ester so the 08 part comes last now the next functional group we need to go over is an amine and so the amine has an nh2 group at the end it has hydrogen bonding like an alcohol or a carboxylic acid and let me give you some examples so this is known as methyl amine that's the common name for it and here what do you think this is called what's the common name for ch3 ch2 nh2 so we have an ethyl group attached to an amine functional group so you can call this ethyl amine and so the common names are very straightforward now what if there's a carbonyl group attached to an nh2 group what is the functional group called so you can write this as r co and h2 if you see that it's the same as what you see above so this is known as an amide or in a bind now this particular group well let's use an example to name it how can we name this molecule so we have a total of four carbon atoms and so to name it this is going to be butanomide so instead of saying butane take off the e and add amide at the end the next one is a nitrile so if you see a triple bond between a carbon and a nitrogen atom you have a nitrile functional group here's a good example of one ch3c triple bond n so we have a total of two carbon atoms and so this is going to be called ethane nitrile so here's the next functional group what functional group do we have here if you see this this is known as an acid anhydride the common name for this molecule is known as acetic anhydride when you see the word acetic it's similar to ethyl it has two carbons next up is an acid chloride this is also known as acetyl chloride now you can have a different halogen attached to it for instance we could have a bromine atom attached to it and so this would be called an [Music] acid bromide instead or acetyl bromide now what about this example let's say if we have an sh group and how is it similar to an oh group now we know if we have an oh group it's an alcohol but what if we have an sh group and this is called a thiol now what do you think these are anytime you hear or if you see a sulfur attached to let's say a hydrocarbon the word thio will be present so here's some other examples on the right this is known as an ether so what do you think the functional group on the left is going to be called this is known as a thio ether now on the right at the bottom this is called an ester on the left this is known as a thio ester so see the similarities alcohol thiol ether thio ether and here we have ester and then thioester so if you see an oxygen being replaced with a sulfur atom add the prefix thio to it the name is going to have some sort of thio on it so what about this functional group so what if we have an alcohol and an alkene next to each other so this is going to be called an enol think of the word in for alkene and all for alcohol so if you see those two together this is called an enol so here's another one let's say it is a nitrogen with two r groups and it's next to a double bond so a carbon with a nitrogen that's a an amine and a double bond is an alkene so if we combine these two we get something called an enamine or enamine and so that's the functional group that corresponds to this molecule now if you see a carbon double bonded to a nitrogen atom this is known as an immune now there's a few more examples i want to go over what do you think this is called have you ever seen this molecule before in other words h2o2 h2o2 is hydrogen peroxide what we have here is an organic peroxide so if you see two oxygens attached to each other it's a peroxide if they're attached to each other through a single bond now what do you think this is called and let me compare it to this molecule so this molecule here you know is a carboxylic acid and here we have a peroxide so what do you think this entire molecule is called this is known as a peroxy acid very similar to a carboxylic acid with a peroxide functional group so when you combine it you get a peroxy acid and we're going to go over one more group you might see this but you may not or you may see an orgo too this is known as a nitro group you might not see this norgo one but it's definitely in organic chem 2. so i'm going to stop here there's some other functional groups to note but these are some very common ones actually there are some other ones you need to know i wouldn't really consider them functional groups but you need to know the names of it so this is called a carbocation and if you have let's say an odd number of electrons this is known as a radical and this is a carb anion and this species is neutral but if you see it it's called a carbine so i'm going to stop here so that's it for this video thanks for watching