okay class let's see the language of medicine this is probably one of the longest chapters in medical terminology and it is the muscular skeletal system uh this is right up my alley so this will be unfortunately probably one of the longest uh uh uh lectures that you're going to have uh but it's a great lecture uh really something that you want to uh spend some time on um chapter goals Define terms relating to the structure and function of bones joints and muscles describe the process of bone formation and growth locate the name and major bones of the body analyze the combining forms prefixes and suffixes used to describe bones joints and muscles explain various muscoskeletal diseases conditions and terms related to bone fractures describe important lab tests clinical procedures muscular skeletal system recognize relevant abbreviations apply your knowledge to understanding so pretty much what we've done for all the chapters and this is just another chapter unfortunately this one you're going to see a lot in the clinic and it's something that you probably want to get familiar with now let's uh introduce the muscoskeletal system is Bones muscles and joints of the body bones are structural support and protection of internal organs muscles internal and external movement joints where two bones come together uh the type is determined by the need for flexibility uh tendons attach or bind muscles to Bone ligaments bind bones to Bones now another terminology is that you usually sprain SP sprain ligaments and you'll St strain muscles so make sure you use the terminology correctly you sprain ligaments like you sprain your ankle but you strain like you're strain your back now you might go see an orthopedist you might go see a rheumatologist you might see a physiatrist or you might see a osteopathic physician um if anybody's broken a bone uh you've probably gone to an orthopedic or a do okay now hfic let's say you break your bone or just bone formation in general is the replacement of cartilage with bone so first of all you're going to have these three types of cells uh osteoblast that produces immature bony tissue that replaces the carage then you have a Osteo site which will nourish and maintain the bone but then you have Osteo class that will reabsorb or digest bone and that will remodel the bone so again osteoblast will produce produce osteocytes maintains and osteoclast will reab absorb now osteoblast and osteoclast work to deposit and tear down bone throughout life so there's a balance the skeleton is a source of calcium uh proper formation of bone depends on sources of calcium phosphorus and vitamin D calcium phosphate enzyme helps create hard bones from these sources now if you drink diet coke you'll notice that diet soda has a high amount of phosphorus now if you have high amount of extracellular phosphorus what's going to happen is it's going to leech the calcium from your bones that's why drinking a lot of diet soda is bad for you because it leeches the calcium from your bones and you can get osteoporosis based on that now you're thinking okay Patel how much is a lot well I mean if you had one can here uh here and there that's not going to leech the calcium but those people that have one to two Diet Cokes a day for many years well yes then you run the risk of having osteoporosis um I had a cooworker he used to drink one of those big gulps uh uh every single day and yes indeed he did end up with osteoporosis um so bone bone formation uh reservoir for calcium storage uh calcium of course is necessary for nerve transmittal to muscle including heart muscle and muscles attached to Bones um calcium levels are maintained in the blood by the parathyroid glands which Secret treats a hormone to release calcium from the bone now the long short flat ceso bones there's the diaphysis which is the shaft you have the epiphysis which is the end you have the metaphysis which is Con likee flared portion between the end and the shaft and then you have the growth plates or called the epiphysial line or plate uh growth plate were carage replaced by bone for bone growth uh and these are usually found in the Young skeleton uh those that are growing so we can see these epiphysial lines if you have a fracture along the epiphysial Pline um then that could be a problem because the bone can stop growing um so we want to be careful with fractures and those usually occur uh with skateboarding snowboarding etc etc any extreme sports now interior bone struct you line you have cancellus bone you have compact bone you have a medular c and then you have a periosteum so if you look at these uh here's the epiphyses here's that epiphysial line that growth plate that we talked about here's the diaphyses here's the metaphyses and here's the epiphyses so you have growth plates on both ends and basically long bones will grow along this line when this epiphysial Line closes around 18 in long bones 25 in the vertebrae so technically you do grow until you're about the age of 25 okay now the ends of bones are covered by articular cartilage in the joint and that articular cartilage cushions the joint allows it to move smoothly now you're only born with the finite amount of articular carage meaning you can't make more articular carage so once it goes away unfortunately that's it compact bone contains iversion systems for blood vessels nerves and yellow which is mostly fat so if you like to eat bone marrow that's what you're eating not of humans of course um cancellus that's spongy tricular bone spaces contain red bone marrow with elements for blood formation so again the red bone marrow is found in the cancela spongy bone and the yellow bone is found in the compact uh again yellow marrow is chiefly matte a flat fat and red marrow which is Rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development in later life replaced with yellow marrow so hemoptisis hemo opto is the production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow now what are the brone processes and depression so these are ways that we will uh uh label them so that we know that ligaments and muscles will attack attach to these bones so you have processes which serve as attachments but you have depressions which are openings or Hollow regions to help join bones together so if you look at this bone here you've got a bone head which is the head of the femur uh you have the bone neck uh here you have the tro Canter this is a greater tro Canter this is a lesser tro Canter if you were Anatomy bone uh uh if you're an anatomy class I would have all the specific Parts this is very very simple this is the epic condal but this is technically the lateral epicondyle this is lateral and medial um here's a humorus which is your arm bone here's the head of the humorus again here's a greater tuberosi and this would be a lesser tuberosity here's the elron fossa and here's the lateral epicondyle here okay here's a view of your cranium so if you were to cut the top of your head off and remove the brain this is what you're looking down um okay so you're looking from top down here's the frontal bone here's the ethmoid bone here's the sphenoid bone uh the pituitary gland would sit in the cellat Tura here here's the parial bone right here here's the oipal bone then the fan magnes is where the spinal cord would exit right in here okay now here's a lateral view so here's your jaw which is the mandible here's the ethmoid bone here's the sphenoid bone here's the frontal bone uh sutures separate the bones together so here's the cornal suture here's the parial bone here's the temporal bone oipal bone um this is right behind your ear would be right here so right behind your ear would be the mastoid process and here's a styloid process right here and then if you have TMJ this is the TMJ joint right here now again this is the uh medical termin terminology class so I don't expect you to memorize and the the terminology here but you won't have to label any of this on any other the quizzes at all the frontal bone the parietal bone the temporal bone TMJ mastoid process styo process you have the aspal bone that houses the fan Magnum you have the sphenoid bone that houses the catura and then you have the ethmoid bone here's the cordal suture here's the zygomatic bone so really the the cheek structure right here the zygomatic bone right here is what really will determine your race right here um you're either Caucasian or African-American and that's based on this cheek structure which is basically the zygomatic bone then you have these maxillary bones you have the vuler bone uh you have the mental fan and the mandibular bone uh some of the other facial bones you have nasal bones ra lacrimal bones maxillary bones mandibular bones zygomatic Bones vulmer the sinus es uh sinuses are air cavities located in facial and cranial bone to lighten the skull and warm and moisten the air as it passes into the respiratory system uh the vertebral column um again you have seven cervical 12 thoracic five lumbar so I eat breakfast at 7 lunch at 12 and uh dinner at 5: so 7 12 and 5 they give you the curvatures here's the cervical curve thoracic curve and then the lumbar curve and sacral curve so in out in out again you have 26 bone Verte segments from base of the skull to the tailbone in five divisions and separated by pads of carage called the inverti disc so you guys have probably heard of oh I Hern my L4 L5 or such and such well that's the dis in between the bones that they're talking about so you have a cervical region a thoracic region a lumbar sacral and then you have a Coxx which is your tailbone in your thoracic region you have the clavical scapula sternum and ribs in the pelvis region you have the pelvic girdle ilium isum pubis the arm you have the humorous ol radius carpal metacarpal and fanges if you have the bones of the leg and foot uh here's the tus which will articulate with the tibia here's your calcinus which is your heel your midfoot or your metatarsals and distal or your fanges um you have your femur there's acetabulum patella is a kneecap tibia is your shin uh the ankle the medium molis the outside of your ankle is the lateral molis and the fibula the Tais is what attaches to the tibia from your foot uh you have the tarsol calcinus and taus and the metatarsals and fanges so let's look at this vocabulary you have the acetabulum and the chromium so acetabulum is a rounded depression in the pelvis that joins the femur forming the hip joint so the head of the femur will go into the acetabulum you have the chromium which is an outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder then you have bones bone depressions and Bone processes so a bone is a dense hard connector tissue composing the skeleton you have a bone depression that's opening or Hollow region serving as a connection for bones or passageway for blood vessels and nerves you have bone process which is a en large area that extends from Bones as an attachment for muscles tendons and ligaments calcium cancellus bone and carage calcium is a mineral a bone cancellus bone is spongy porous bone tissue in the inner part of the bone but cartilage is this flexible connective tissue you have collagen compact bone cranial bones collagen is dense connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues uh compact bone it's hard dense bone tissue usually found around another outer portion you have cranial bones uh which are skull bones you have the ethmoid fontal Cal parial sphenoid and tempol again anatomy class we would memorize all these bones right now just memorize the terminology uh again you won't have to label anything for the quizzes uh diaphysis dis and epiphysial plate uh diaphysis is the shaft or mid portion of a long bone the disc is a flat round plate structure uh epiphysial plate is a cartilagenous area that ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in immature skeleton uh the pipes facial bones and fontanels uh pipes is each end of the long bone area beyond the epiphysial plate or the growth plate facial bones bones of the face uh laal mandibular maxillary nasal vulmer and zygomatic a Fontanel are the baby soft spots so they're in complete bone formation between the skull bones of an infant uh you have the fr magnin hsan canals and a ligament Fran magn is the opening of the cyal bone where which the spinal cord passes perversion canals are minute spaces filled with blood vessels found in compact bone and the ligament is fibrous con tissue that binds bones to other bones malis manubrium mastoid process so malol is round process of both sides of the ankle so you have the medial molis and a lateral molis uh manubrium is the upper portion of the sternum uh when you do CPR you'll be pushing on the manubrium if you go too far down you could break off the Zid process the mastoid process is round projection of the temporal bone behind your ear meary cavity metaphysis elron meary cavity is a central hollowed out area in the shaft of a long bone metaphysis is a flared portion of long bone uh between the diaphysis and the Epal plate uh elron is a large process at the proximal end of the Ona so if you that's technically your elbow uh orthopedist OAS tissue oifc orthopedist is a medical doctor who specialized in bone joint and muscle conditions osteos tissue is bone tissue osificante bone cell that helps form okay blast form bony tissue but a clast um bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted okay so just think blast you blast uh uh something you you're forming it and class uh Clash you know something's clashing when you Clash it you'll usually remove something uh periostium phosphorus and phius perum is a membrane surrounding bones rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue uh phosphorus uh mineral substance found in bones combination with calcium again don't drink Diet Coke and a physiatrist is a medical doctor who specializes in Rehabilitation pubic symphasis red bone marrow and ribs pubic symphysis area of Confluence of two pubic bones in the pelvis uh red bone marrow is found in cancellus bone side of homo hemoptisis and ribs you have 12 pairs uh ribs 1 through 7even are true ribs that means they have a true connection to the sternum uh numbers 8 nine and 10 are false ribs meaning that they share a common uh connection and then floating ribs are pairs 11 and 12 uh Cela sinus and styloid process so the cellura is a depression the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located uh sinus is a hollow air cavity within the bone the stylid process pole-like process is extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull suture temp mular joint tendon suture uh immovable joint between the bones temporal mandibular connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw uh tendon is a fibrous connector tissue that binds muscles to bones tuula is a vertebrae uh I'm sorry Tula vertebrae zyo process a yellow bone marrow so Tula is supporting bundles of bony fibers and cancellus Bone vertebrae individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body vertebral Arch spinus process transverse process and lamina zyo process lower narrow portion of the sternum yellow bone marrow fatty tissue found in the meary cavity of most adult long bones all right quick quiz hot shot the knuckle-like processes at the end of a bone near a joint are the Condes and the process of bone formation is called ossification