Human Anatomy and Physiology: The Skeletal System
Introduction
- Comprehensive overview of the skeletal system.
- Focus on structure, function, and physiology.
Key Components of the Skeletal System
- Bones: The primary structural framework.
- Functions include protection of organs, support, and facilitation of movement.
- Cartilage: Provides flexible support and cushioning.
- Joints: Allow for movement and flexibility.
- Ligaments: Connect bones to other bones.
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Support: Maintains body shape and posture.
- Protection: Shields vital organs (e.g., brain protected by skull).
- Movement: Serves as attachment points for muscles.
- Mineral Storage: Reserves of calcium and phosphorus.
- Blood Cell Production: Occurs in bone marrow (hematopoiesis).
Bone Structure
- Compact Bone: Dense outer surface.
- Spongy Bone: Lighter, porous inner structure.
- Marrow: Soft tissue inside bones, including red and yellow marrow.
Bone Types
- Long Bones: e.g., femur, humerus.
- Short Bones: e.g., carpals, tarsals.
- Flat Bones: e.g., skull, ribs.
- Irregular Bones: e.g., vertebrae.
- Sesamoid Bones: e.g., patella.
Joint Classification
- Fibrous Joints: Immovable (e.g., sutures in the skull).
- Cartilaginous Joints: Slightly movable (e.g., intervertebral discs).
- Synovial Joints: Freely movable (e.g., shoulder, knee).
Common Disorders
- Osteoporosis: Decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk.
- Arthritis: Inflammation of joints causing pain and stiffness.
- Fractures: Breaks or cracks in bones.
Maintenance of Skeletal Health
- Importance of calcium and vitamin D for bone strength.
- Regular exercise to maintain bone density.
Conclusion
- The skeletal system is vital for overall health and mobility.
- Understanding its components and functions aids in promoting long-term skeletal health.
These notes summarize the key aspects of the skeletal system as presented in the lecture, focusing on its structure, functions, types of bones, joints, common disorders, and maintenance strategies.