starting today my patreon live streams will be every day until paper 2 and I'll even run a few before paper 3 I'm plan to do 20 hours all together these live streams are available to everyone at signups level and up if you're interested in joining me for these revision sessions grab a pen and paper and download all the 2022 as and AEV pass papers from aqa's website I've combined and summarized the content from my social influence videos into this revision video if you don't understand any of the content I cover here go to my longer videos for a full explanation but if you just need a reminder of the key points quickly this is the video for you but don't just use this video I have a psych boost app it's designed to tach your knowledge of all the topics in a level psychology actively using fash cards it's on IOS and Android and you can use it for all of paper one for free if instead you want tutorial support videos with questions from all free papers you can access over 16 hours of these as well as hundreds of principal resources over on my patre but enough of that let's get started Conformity Ash kman 1958 fre levels types compliance shallow identification intermediate internalization deep type compliance the individual agrees externally but keeps personal opinions a temporary Behavior change as the individual changes their behavior to fit in with a group avoid rejection compliance is generally due to NSI type identification ation behavior and private values change only when with the group as membership is valued type internalization personal opinions genuinely change to match the group a permanent change due to isi explanation normative social influence NSI driven by desire to be liked and avoid rejection the individual wants to appear normal and be one of the majority NSI is a superficial and temporary change in Behavior explanation informational social influence isi driven by a desire to be correct we look to the majority for guidance on how to behave when correct behavior is uncertain assuming others have more knowledge permanent Ash 1951 groups of 8 to 10 male college students were asked to complete a line judgment task however this was a deception only one was an actual participant and all others were Confederates actors working for the experimenter all participants were asked to publicly identify which of the three comparison lines matched the standard line in 12 critical trials the Confederates intentionally answered incorrectly to see if the real participant would conall results the overall Conformity rate in the critical trials was 32% 75% confirmed at least once 5% all 12 times group size Ash varied the number of Confederates from 1 to 16 found 3% Conformity of one 133% with two 33% with three Confederates and no large percentage with more s suggest a small unanimous group has a strong social pressure unanimity one Confederate was instructed to give the correct response breaking the group's unanimity by disagreeing with the majority Ash found the Conformity rate dropped to 5.5% due to social support task difficulty Ash made the task more ambiguous by reducing the difference between the line LMS finding the increased uncertainty increased Conformity arguably due to isi evaluations Ash's original search supports NSI as 75% of participants conformed at least once despite the correct answer being unambiguous participants conformed because they wanted to avoid the discomfort of standing out or being rejected in a variation in which participants could privately write down the responses the Conformity rate dropped 12.5% the variation in task difficulty increased the ambiguity of the correct answer when participants were more unsure of the correct answer they were more likely to rely on the judgments of others this supports the isi explanation it can be difficult to separate the influence of NSI and isi when participants self-report their reasons for conforming people may not be fully aware of their true motivations in real life ambiguous or uncertain situations individuals might simultaneously seek accurate information informational influence and social approval normative influence as a lab experiment Ash's study has high internal liity it was carefully controlled and standardized procedures were followed participants viewed the same lines in the same order with the same responses from the Confederates parin and Spencer 1981 suggest Ash's work lacks temporality that high Conformity rates were due to the cultural conditions in Cold War America in their replication with British students they found conformity in only one trial in 396 in a Metro analysis of 133 studies using Ash's lying judgment task across 17 countries Bond 1996 found support for Ash's original findings but also much higher rates of conformity in collectivist cultures which have social norms that prioritize consensus compared to individualistic societies of Value Independence and personal freedom Ash's task lacks mundane realism marching the length of lines is a simple task and highly controlled so unlike real life social interactions additionally conforming often happens with people we know not with total strangers Conformity social roles zimbardo fake prison created in the basement of Stanford University 24 male students rated as physically and mentally stable chosen from volunteers who responded to a newspaper advert random allocation of guards and prisoner roles prisoners were given a realistic arrest by local police fingerprinted stripped deloused and given a prison uniform a number and a list of rules to follow guards had complete control and given a uniform clubs handcuffs to establish Authority and sunglasses to avoid eye contact zimbardo took on the role of prison superintendent and Lead investigator participants quickly adapted their behavior to their assigned social roles after initial resistance prisoners showed signs of stress in day6 the experiment was canceled early due to fears for the prisoner's mental health extreme abusive and submissive behavior of previously stable students suggests prison environments have the situational power to change Behavior as individuals conform to socially defined roles evaluations the Stanford Prison experiment's initial setup was well controlled participants were carefully selected using using psychological screening to ensure the mental stability Additionally the roles of guard and prisoners were randomly allocated zimbardo Stanford Prison Experiment provides insights into how social roles can influence behavior which can help explain incidents of Cruelty and abuse in institutional settings for example the guards in Abu grabe formed highly abusive behaviors richler and Haslam's 2011 replication of the Stanford Prison experment for the BBC challenged zardo's conclusions by demonstrating that participants do not inevita con form there are assigned roles of guards or prisoners zimbardo took on a dual role as the lead investigator and prison superintendent this involvement may have led to experiment a bias zimbardo's presence influencing the participants Behavior to fit the expected outcomes of the study participants experienced psychological harm zimbardo's decision to continue the experiment despite the emotional breakdown of the prisoners and the extreme sadistic acts of some Gods demonstrates the need for ethical controls explanations for obedience mgrm and Doro Milgram argues that in the right situation most people will show destructive obedience to an authority figure a gentic state state of mind in which the individual believes they don't have responsibility for their behavior as they're acting as the agent of an authority figure this allows the individual to commit acts they morally oppose seeing the authority figure as ultimately responsible the movement from an autonomous State feeling personally responsible to an agentic state is called an agentic shift legitimacy of authority through socialization individuals learn their position in the social hierarchy and to obey people who are above but not below them most people accept legitimate of authority is needed for society to function properly such as the right of police or judges to give orders legitimacy of authority is communicated through visible symbols such as uniforms settings such as police stations centers of government and courts can also communicate legitimacy of authority in response to the Holocaust mgrm 1963 conducted a study to test extreme obedience 40 male 20 to 50-year-old volunteers to a newspaper advert for a study on memory participants were given the role of teacher and introduced to the Confederates a professor and a lab coat and a learner the learner was strapped to a chair in another room and had electrodes attached the participant was told to deliver electric sharks BEC be more intense 15 to 450 volts when the learner answered incorrectly at 300 volts the learner made noise and refused to go on after 315 volts the learner made no more noise indicating unconsciousness or death if the participant teacher resisted the professor encouraged them to continue using a set of four scripted prompts if the learner refused to continue four times the study ended results participants very distressed but obade 100% to 300 volts 12.5% stopped at 300 volts 65% to full 450 volts proximity professor gave instructions via a phone increasing distance obedience dropped to 21% No Agenda stain location our office Block in Rundown area instead of Yuni obedience dropped to 47.6% due to lack of legitimacy of authority uniform Professor replaced with confederate and normal clothes obedience dropped to 20% due to lack of legitimacy of authority evaluations mgms research supports the agentic state when questioned the experimenter accepts responsibility for any harm to the learn the scientist in the uniform labcoat had legitimate Authority in the location of Yale University the manipulation of these variabl supports mgm's conclusions that a gentic state and legitimacy of authority do influence obedience mgm's research support for the gentic state and legitima Authority is criticized for methodological flaws the task using a shock generator lacks mundane realism and the studies environment of Yale University lacks ecological lity orn in Holland 196 68 claimed the task was so unusual that participants figured out they were not actually shocking anyone and acted to demand characteristics guessing what mgr's aims were and acting accordingly so not supporting a gentic state and legitimacy Authority 35% resisted the authority figure suggesting situational factors a gentic state and legitimate Authority are not a full exclamation of obedience dispositional explanations authoritarian personality and looks of control likely play a role standardized procedures such as pre-recordings of the Learners responses led to a high level of control and enabled replications blast found mgm's findings were reliable across eight countries non- us obedience rate 65.9% milgrim study and variations are criticized ethically for causing distress deception methodologically for lacking ecological validity mundane realism and for demand characteristics participants guessing the shocks are not real and playing along huffling 1966 against Hospital policy 21 out of 22 real nurses obeyed Dr Smith's phone call order to give double the maximum dose of an unfamiliar drug a field study in a real Hospital high eological lity with a familiar task High mundane realism Sheridan King 1972 participants gave real shocks to a puppy seeing the puppy suffer when ordered 54% of males and 100% of females gave the puppy the highest shock level showing without demand characteristics s people are highly obedient bman 1974 New York field experiment passes by were asked to pay for a parking meter and The Obedience rate was 89% when the research was dressed as a guard 33% no uniform suggesting uniforms provide a visible symbol of legitimacy of authority authoritarian personality adoro argued the high obedience in World War II was dispositional a personality type called the authoritarian personality unlike milgrim who said with the right situational factors we're all capable of extreme obedience people with an authoritarian personality have their obedient personality shaped early in life by strict parenting with harsh physical punishments the anger they feel towards their parents is displaced onto minority groups people with an authoritarian personality have high respect for people of higher Social Status leading to obedience are hostile to people they see as having low status and have fixed stereotypes about groups of people adoro 1950s studed the authoritarian personality with a questionnaire called the f scale fascism scale questions on the f scale measured nine factors including authoritarian submission an uncritical attitude towards authorities power and toughness preoccupation with dominant submission identification with power figures evaluations in mgram study 35% resisted the authority figure Ado's theory acknowledges that the willingness to obey an authority figure can vary from person to person explaining why there are extreme variation in mgm's participants Elms of milgrim 1966 found obedient males in previous milgrim studies scored significantly higher on the f- scale than disobedient males suggesting they had authoritarian personalities they trusted the professor and dehumanized the learner alternate situational explanations of obedience the agentic state and legitimacy Authority are backed up by experimental research This research by mgram bman hofling shows the majority of people are highly obedient the f- scale is criticized as a measurement of an authoritarian personality for example It suffers from acquiescence bias people tend to agree to questions the f scale was written in a way that agreeing to all the questions would artificially inflate scores the authoritarian personality theory can lead to stereotyping where complex historical events such as the horrors of World War II are oversimplified into personality flaws this approach risk reducing the accountability of social structures and leaders resistance to social influence hey there I should still watching I'm guessing you'll find this video useful as I release content right up to the exams don't forget to subscribe so you know when new videos are uploaded social support seeing others resist social influence reduces the pressure to obey or conform by increasing the individual's confidence resistance or obedience a disobedient role model challenges the legitimacy of authority of the authority figure and shows the consequences of Disobedience resistance to conformity a non-conformist Ally denter breaks the group's unanimity and creates an alternate group to belong to in a variation of mgram study two additional Confederate teachers provided social support one of these teachers refused to continue at 150 volts and at 210 volts the second teacher refused to obey The Obedience rate dropped to 10% in Ash's unanimity variation one of the Confederates provides social support breaking the unanimity of the group by providing the correct response and the Conformity rate drops from 32% to 5.5% even in the milgrim and Ash variations with social support some participants still obey 10% and conform 5.5% conform to rate suggesting there may be dispositional factors such as locus of control or the authoritarian personality locus of control rer 1966 a personality scale from high internal to high external locus of control refers to the factors people believe control their actions people with an internal locus of control see themselves as responsible this personal agency enables them to resist social influence people with an external looks to control see factors like fate luck or powerful others as controlling their lives so feel less empowered to affect change in their lives and less able to resist social pressure Holland 1967 replicated Milgram study participants were assess for internal or external locus of control 37% of those with an internal locus of control refuse to continue to the highest shock level compared to 23% of those with an external locus of control Spectre 1983 measured 157 participants locus of control and tendency to conform to normative and informational social influence with questionnaires people with an internal locus of control were more able to resist normative social influence but were just as likely as externals to conform to informational social influence the relationship between Locust of control and resistance to social influence is correlational there are other related factors that have been suggested as being involved in resistance such as social status social anxiety and a sense of personal morality minority influence and social change minority influence requires individuals to reject majority behaviors beliefs and to be converted to the views of minority consistency minorities are more effective if members of the minority repeat the same message over time dionic consistency all group members repeat the same message as at the same time synchronic consistency Commitment if the minority suffer for their views this shows they are not acting out of self-interest members of the majority reconsider the minority's motivations augmentation principle and take their positions seriously flexibility if dogmatic minorities will not be persuasive they need the ability to appear to consider valid counterarguments and slightly compromise flexibility encourages majority members to move closer to the minority position while flexibility and consistency seem to contradict each other in order to seem reasonable and open-minded as well as having a clear stable opinion there needs to be a balance between these two factors The Snowball Effect minorities changing majority opinions starts as a slow process however the process speeds up as more of the majority converts to the new view and the minority view improves in its acceptability evaluations mosichi 1969 when shown blue slides members of participant majority were more likely to report the slides were green if a Confederate minority was consistent in calling the slides green 8% of trials that if the minority was inconsistent 1% Neo 1986 when a Confederate minority was inflexible arguing for a low level of compensation for a ski accident a free participant majority were less likely to change their amount closer to the Confederate figure than if the Confederate was flexible lab based studies investigating minority influence are conducted on artificial groups making decisions without real consequences however minority influence in the real world is often with friends and co-workers with real consequences there are many real life examples of minority groups using commitment flexibility and consistency see social change knowledge of how minorities can influence majorities can be used for unethical deliberate manipulation this could be to forward negative political and corporate agendas such as greenwashing and spreading fake political news social change is when a view held by a minority group challenges the majority View and is eventually accepted by the majority then whole societies not just individuals adopt New Attitudes beliefs or behaviors minority groups are more successful in creating social change when they show consistency commitment and flexibility in their views gradually the minority turned into the majority group in society due to the Snowball Effect obedience members of the government are a minority group that can enact dramatic social change by creating laws when laws are created societies change to avoid punishment Conformity normative social influence compliance behaviors or views can become the norm within an influential minority group this Norm can then spread to broader Society informational social influence internalization members of a minority group can provide information to the majority such as the effects of climate change society changes its Behavior because it accepts as evidence social crypto Amnesia once the mainstream accepts minority ideas and they become the norm sacrifices made by the minority group in initiating the positive social changes are not acknowledged but are forgotten over time evaluations leaders and activists in the Civil Rights Movement were successful in taking a consistently unified front through nonviolent protests Sittin and marches they also showed commitment to their ideals when they suffered abuse at the hands of law enforcement this led to significant social change including the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Act the lgbtq plus rights movement has used a combination of consistency in its core message of equality and rights alongside flexibility to influence social change for example the gay community successfully campaigned for civil Partnerships a strategic flexible compromise that ultimately led to the full legalization of samex marriage highly controlled experimental laboratory research on social change is not possible me clear cause and effect relationships can't be established instead researchers depend on natural experiments case studies and correlations don't forget you can now test yourself on the social inflence unit with the psych boost app all the topics in paper one are free and you can get on iOS or Android if you want to see model answers to social inflence questions or access my other resources there's also patreon speaking of patreon I do want to thank all of my patrons for their support with the help of all of these students and teachers I'm able to teach parttime so I can work on the main mission of Psych boost the development of a freeto watch and hopefully high quality a level psychology course and a special thank you to azy Taylor for supporting at the developer level so thanks to them and good luck with your rision and I'll see you in the 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