Handler's History: AP World History - China from 1200 to 1450

Introduction

• Focus on China's significant role in world history from 1200 to 1450.
• Comparison to Texas: "Don't mess with China."

Historical Context

• By 1000 CE, China was a leading global power.
• 960 CE: End of the Tang Dynasty led to China's fragmentation into regional kingdoms.

Song Dynasty (960 - 1279)

• Zuo Quangyin: Unified China, forming the Song Dynasty.
• Known for strong state building and innovations.
• Established a lasting state structure divided into six departments:
  • Personnel
  • Finance
  • Rights
  • Army
  • Justice
  • Public Works
• Censorship ensured bureaucratic integrity.

Role of Confucianism

• Central to Chinese culture and governance.
• Hierarchical worldview: society functions if everyone understands their place.
• Revival of the Civil Service Examination:
  • Shifted power to scholarly leaders.
  • Required knowledge of Confucian ideals.

Economic Influence

• Song China focused on commerce and wealth accumulation.
• Engaged in long-distance trade across Afro-Eurasia.
• Commercialization led to manufacturing growth:
  • Iron production rivaled 18th-century Europe by 1200.

Innovations

• Introduction of paper money due to insufficient precious metals for coins.
• Accidental invention of gunpowder:
  • Initially used in fireworks.
  • Later adapted for military use.

Cultural Influence and Exchange

• China influenced neighboring regions like Japan.
• Japanese architecture and culture mirrored China's.

Religious Influence

• China was a hub for cultural and religious exchange.
• Introduction and adaptation of Buddhism from India:
  • Mahayana Buddhism from Vietnam became popular.
  • Included deities, relic veneration, multiple heavens and hells.

Conclusion

• Wealthiest and most unified nation due to:
  • Large population
  • Agricultural base
  • Manufacturing innovations
  • Common language and Confucian ideals.
• Key takeaway: "Don't mess with China."

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