hi there everybody we're going to continue with our videos in science technology and society and here we're going to continue what we have left in our topic in the intellectual revolutions that define society so let's get into it so um we are done with the ideas of known selectors we're going to go on in this video uh maybe two videos or maybe we can do it once um about the information revolution and then we're going to talk about the four cradles over the science so let's talk about this so about information revolution um we started with um the information revolution again started with the sumerian pictographs as this picture will denote you can see there this is one example of a sumerian pictograph which is the earliest form of our writing system afterwards we ended up and comes here comes the invention of the printing press specifically that's the gutenberg's prince printing press in 1455 which in effect gave us our first book which is the bible which is all specifically called the gutenberg bible so they emerged the use of typewriter and telegraphic this is one example of it and then of course today this is the evolution from the first writing system from the sumerian pictographs going to the printing press and then of course um today what we're using is the internet okay so technologies are widely used and of course with the help of the internet the world wide web we communicate and we disseminate information and also store information very much easily and share it with everybody okay so that's the information revolution um that we have had again from the sumerian pictographs going to the gutenberg's printing press and then with uh today with internet i think you're looking or you're watching this through the internet right so next up we're gonna talk about the four cradles of the early sciences okay or the early science and the four cradles are like places we have talked about the united kingdom when we talked about charles darwin um on our first video and we're going to move on with these four parts of the world so what are these we're going to talk about the mesoamerican the middle east asia and the africa so these are the four cradles of virginia so let's talk about first the mesoamerica so the mesoamerican are there are three civilizations at least three civilizations in the mesoamerican so we have we have known the mayans the incas or the incans and the aztecs in which this picture denotes the aztecs here i'm pretty much sure you are you have saw one of one or two of these examples of the mesoamerican civilizations next up we're going to talk about their contributions in the world as they were called the four cradles one of the four cradles of the early science so the contributions of the mesoamericans are as follows first the aztecs talks about talking about the aztecs has established a great military force the chinamka of the aztecs use a very small or small rectangular area of fertile land to grow crops on the shallow lake bed so this is one example of a chinamka which the aztecs use again it's a small rectangular area for the land and with the shallow lake beds okay also um going to the mayans the use of rubber is documented in the my in the mayans uh as a mayan ball game called um sorry if i was pronounced still actually the rubber as in you know the the wheels like that okay just to make it clear so this is one example of the mayans playing this is the the latchley sorry if i mispronounced that but this is the ball which um the early use of rubber is is seen uh moving on more more contributions of the mess americans also the mayans use coco beans as their currency okay so cocoa beans which we which we use now of course um in the in the production of chocolates the maya developed an accurate calendar which is known as the mayan calendar okay so of course um we we somehow follow that the the basics of that calendar what we're using now is the gregorian and the this uh the julian calendar right uh specifically the julian calendar the kippos or the kippu in some um in some books they use the you um are used for the income for the for their bookkeeping okay so these are the keep boos if you have seen my video in the story of mathematics this this kipo is is cited as an example as one of the earliest um calculators okay of course the chinese are or are known for the abacus also the the mita system was invented by the incas it is a labor service that takes for in-road and bridge constructions and cultivation of corn and textile production so these are the some of course of the most important contributions of the mesoamericans as one of the four cradles of early science let's move on to the middle east so the middle east um specifically in the parts of of um of of arab india and such so contributions of the middle east so the arab applied the roman principles and improved the water mill known as noria so this is um pretty much mostly seen i see i see them on movies usually as you can see here this is the the wheel here and yeah this is called the noria known as the noria so the middle piece is known for their machine design for improvement of irrigation industrial work and for war so we can see the windmill and the water mill are used for crushing sugar canes grinding grain and then for of course pumping water and we have also will cite some books of what are the the contributions of the middle east one book is from i'm sorry if i must pronounce this buddhic describe candles and water clocks also water vessels fountains sorry valentines automata and water racing devices also one other book from written by sorry if i mispronounced ibn maroof rasheed explained the steam power and the blueprint of a six-piston plot so these those are some of the contributions of the middle east okay as the early sciences let's move on to asia specifically um we will focus on on china since china has a lot of contributions and they're quite a big country um traditional chinese medicine such as acupuncture and herbal medicine for practice this is one example as of acupuncture so that we have some needles here needles um being pinched to you on your skin so four great inventions of china sorry china sorry about that um the compass the gun powder of course in which uh we can see that in their firecrackers paper making and printing and uh of course um there are others um which is a taoist chemistry um they call it the alchemy so this is from the taoist okay so that's some of the um early sciences of the asia and then we're going to move on the african okay so what are the contributions of the sorry this is african my goodness so african okay i think in the last sec section it should be asia my bad forgot to edit it i believe okay so um for the africa and what are the contributions of africa okay in the early sciences so africa is known for the production of coconuts and coffee okay in ethiopia so right now colder nuts is mostly found in western west africa and it's the basis for the cola drink you know um all right to sort of coca-cola okay and other cola drinks so this is what which is what uh coconuts or cola nuts i look like and of course coffee ladies are cookies here sorry this is still africa and um coffee was developed as a consumable drink that spread um to arab arabia and then throughout the world okay and of course we we um we use coffee or we drink coffee almost every day so africa use plants uh with salicylic acid for pain that is aspirin and the area that is calpectate sorry if i mispronounce that and they also highly advance in medicine okay actually they are they are highly advanced medicine such as one they are one of those who started operating autopsies and operating cesarean okay procedures in giving birth and the technology involved experimentation and drainage construction of boulders desalination and irrigation okay um evidences of this is found in 1978 to suggest that they also um already mastered um grating steels okay even before um the creation of steels was was established in europe okay so um those are just some of the um early sciences or contributions of the four cradles of early science again again before we and we have four the mesoamerica middle east asia and africa for the meso america and we have here salient points are the chinamka that alchemy uh making use of the kippos okay and the cocoa beans as currency for the middle east um the use of the noria is very much explained or very much um um highlighted the windmill the water mill okay for the asia the acupuncture herbal medicine gunpowder compass paper making printing and alchemy for the african some of the highlights were the use of coconuts coffee a salicylic acid for pain and diarrhea autopsies cesareans and then making of steels okay so that's the end of this video for actually we have we have hit two topics information revolution which is quite short and the four cradles of bernie science which are namely the mesoamerican middle east asia and africa okay so um thank you for watching actually that's the end of our intellectual revolutions defined society hopefully you learned something from this uh make sure if you haven't seen the first two videos there are two videos before this um can you check them out so that you can see the whole um perspective of of this topic and before we end i just want to let everyone see that these are my sources of the things that i was have have had talked about so um make sure to try to see them or sorry try to check them out okay so that you can see the first hand um information so not everything that i have said here are are mine okay so um that's the end of this uh hopefully you will like this and um also share this with your classmates and also with your colleagues so thank you very much for watching um please hit the like button and also subscribe okay so see ya