hey thanks for coming back I can't believe we're on Chapter seven it's crazy how quick this is going right so we're only doing ten chapters total but it's not gonna be in order so we're gonna do seven eight nine and then eleven at eleven it's kind of pretty short this one's a little long it might take two videos we're gonna be looking at work and retirement and so we're talking about careers which of course are the patterns the sequences of occupation and positions occupied by people basically work is a huge part of your lives I don't know right now you're probably not at that phase that you you know you're definitely working I'm sure but when you commit to a career that's what you're gonna be doing all the time so you can kind of what I'm saying is at this age you sure you're coming in and out of different jobs so it doesn't feel as permanent as a career actually does and it really determines how you spend almost all your time where you live how you live right so I mean I think of like my daughter she's really passionate about working for nonprofits it's gonna determine that she's gonna be poor forever because nonprofits don't pay well but she doesn't seem to care that's not a motivator right her motivator is that she wants to save the world help people right and so I would say if you only take one thing out of this class one of the most important things you should take is whatever you choose as a career man make it something you love because you don't want to wake up every morning and hate going to work I love my job I really do I love talking to you guys I like having haha I love I love almost everything about it I don't wake up in the morning go ah SH alright some days I do commute sucks blah blah blah but most days I'm happy I'm happy to do what I do I feel really satisfied and what I do you know it hasn't made me rich my brother makes so much more money than me and he always likes to remind me of that but uh it makes me happy and I'm a hell though I don't happier than he is so and I got a lot of time off you know he's working all summer I'm awful somebody like there's pros and cons to every career you choose you know choose wisely that is my recommendation so there's a kind of theories about this that's super theory of Career Development is not like super duper or like great it's some guy named Donald super his last name is super so he developed this theory he's a vocational psychologist which really vocational psychologists look like at they they look at your vacations through your vocations not vocation so I have occasions through your lifetime and he developed this life span life space theory and it's based on the concept that individuals select occupations that reflect their self-concept right so what is your self-concept will actually make you it will actually make you choose what you're gonna what kind of career you're gonna end up in there's Rex he can be loud today cuz we're outside I'm warning you now okay so this from your book it shows his five stage model of career development and how people go through it I mean the stages aren't exact but be pretty much saying you know between four and fourteen you kind of identify with significant others and you develop your self concepts you learn spontaneously about the world like you kind of look and see learning you develop work-related attitudes such an orientation towards the future it's having control over your life development sense of conviction I remember in kindergarten my kindergarten teacher went around the room and asked everyone what they wanted to be when they grew up I don't know if you remember this I remember because I said I wanted to be a truck driver interstate truck driver and she said oh I was the only one who said that and she said why and I said because you get to curse and eat in diners and that's pretty much what I do now so hey it was the same career I didn't realize that you could curse and eat and die nervous being a faculty member right exploration is when you crystallize your career choices so you guys are in that stage right now you specify and implement an occupational choice it's interesting because it's not necessarily your major I mean people tend to major in things but while you're doing that and you're getting especially in a liberal arts college while you're getting all this outside experience you kind of develop into where you're gonna go with it right like I'll bring up my daughter so my daughter major I mean she was like a triple major she majored in International Studies politics not political science politics gender and sexuality with a minor in Black Studies right and so I was like re late what the hell kind of job are you ever gonna get you know but you know she's an activist I mean basically she she's out for a cause she loves you know doing whatever you know she really loves fighting the fight and I try to push her towards law school because she's super bright and I think that she could work on legal aid she could do a lot of good there and she could make money and support herself but she's just not interested in that so what she realized though is through a you know school like that age fifteen to twenty four she volunteered she volunteered for campaigns from the political aspect she yo she did some really cool international stuff she was in Africa you know like she's done a lot of different things but what she realized is that she really wanted to help nonprofits out people who are helping other people out but she didn't want to just protest she realized most one of the most nonprofits need I thought was pretty interesting most nonprofits need people to raise funds for them right so a lot of people will go out and they will they will protest they will do things like that but they need money to back them so she started getting really involved in advancement which is the raising of the money and she started doing her internships in that and now she's a full-time grant writer and she's gone from one agency to the next she's working at this really cool place right now who takes really really underrepresented underpaid people and give them career training six weeks real quick and like cybersecurity or like all these high tech jobs and they at their graduate 798 percent job placement and their job set are at something like five times what they started at so they're starting salaries or five times what people were making before they came in after going through like a 12-week six-week program something like that but she doesn't get involved at the program and shouldn't do anything like that she raises the money from them she writes the grant she writes she was always a choice likes to write should she writes the grants she gets them funding out all the time she raises millions of dollars Sharik for the Boys and Girls Club before that so like it's interesting because if you would look at exploration she's looking at politics she's looking at International Studies right she's looking at gender issues right you work Flambeau legal she's looking at black studies like all the things she's looking at kind of cultivated into something that's so different than that right and that's like thinks what's part of that exploration you know I was a business major when I first started college I was big just major psych minor I don't know what the hell happened right so I actually started taking some psych classes really liked it liked it and flipped around I think that exploration stage is big point establishment between 25 and 44 for your establishing your jobs you can solid eight jobs you advanced a job you kind of narrow down this is what I want to do and then 45 through 65 you hold achieve jobs you update and innovate tasks and then by 65 you start decelerating workloads and productivity and you plan for and implement retirement so you shift your energy to other aspects of your life I need to do that I really do the other day I realized you know and in this pandemic that we're in that I had to put my TV on in three days like I'm eating dinner with my computer in front of me just doing work it was crazy so I need to start disengaging but I'm nowhere near 65 fYI anyway let's talk about gender differences in career patterns I'm gonna take these well actually I'm not gonna take these one at a time I don't think no I don't think I am I'm thinking it's gonna go bang through these so I'll just talk about them so some gender differences there's significantly more men work full-time than women even now which you would think hot that's crazy right but it's true seventy four percent of men work full-time while only sixty two percent of women now if you think about that that's of course all ages so this includes people who are retiring right and when they retire and when they start working so that's why the number is low right 74 and sixty-two in terms of demographics older people are less likely to work full-time than younger and there are more women in this category so there's more women who are who are older who work part-time than full-time biological and social factors like like child rearing or probably half the reasons why this happens so you think most people have to have someone stay home with the children at least at the beginning because so expensive to put an infinite the daycare as I'm sure some of you know I almost I took out student loans to pay for Megan's daycare it was insane cuz I was still in school it was so expensive and if you have someone who could stay home sometimes it's it's more fruitful to actually have them stay home so you have these biological and social factors that we women to tend to be home more than men except in the case when the women are making more money than men which is happening quite a lot lately women tend to move in and out of full-time jobs more than men do because the women tend to leave jobs to have the children or when their husband is transferred because typically even now men tend to make more money than women and so their job is considered the more important job I put air quotes up at fields couldn't hear that my voice right and so when their husband is transferred they move and then they end up losing their job so it's interesting more women than men are apt to work in part-time jobs right we said that earlier for older but in general 25 percent of women who work part-time while only 10 percent of men and this is actually true in Europe too a lot of these gender differences are affected by public policy so things like maternity leave I mean we're getting a little bit better about that we have paternal leave where you know the fathers can actually have some time off when babies are born but in general you know in at least the recent past it's really been the women that get the time often so that ends up setting us in a situation where the women are the ones coming in and out of the jobs the women are the ones ending up working part time right that's sets these gender differences so what's the impact of this women make less money than men about 80 percent of what men make partly due to these things that I just talked about but women are in less money than men do even when they work full time so even when they're doing the same jobs overall women have jobs with lower salaries fewer benefits and less chance for advancement than men this is even true now it's amazing a lot of it inequalities have been built into the system and no one really meant it to happen I remember when I started here I was the you know president of what would be er it's called the American Association of University Professors for our campus and it's not a union like it's unionized in some places but not here and I was charged with looking at salaries and blindly but no one's name next to it it became really apparent that the men were making oh my god so much more money than the women here and when we brought that to the fore the professor's which is insane and when we brought it to the administration and we really did a deep analysis of it it was clear that it was it was like the problem was that like think about it 30 20 years ago almost all the professor's were men right and and so they had the chance they were all men and they're coming up and they had the chance to be here longer and the longer you're here the more you make right and people stay forever and so their salary our ballooning and and the women start entering the workforce and they're not here as long and the men haven't retired and it so it was this inequality didn't happen on purpose but it definitely happened and I got to say that the administration you know social justice yay fixed it it took a couple of years in a salary plan blind to gender but they were able to fix all the inequalities that actually occurred over time and it happens more common in jobs like this where people to stay for a long time but it definitely happens alright some of you probably familiar with this holland's theory of career selection i remember hearing about this in so many places and i i'm ever taking a test on it it's the idea between 18 and 35 the average person beats well no it's 20 years between 18 and 38 the average person has about ten jobs isn't that crazy ten job I want to have any jobs I wish you were all in class and put up your hands money her jobs have had now because I had the most jobs when I was younger and then I kind of settled down but ten jobs between eighteen and 38 the average person congruence is the idea that people seek work environments that fit their personality basically he has six personality types I'll throw this up I'm sure you've seen this but maybe you haven't he says that there's six personality types there are a slew of tests that you can take for vocational training all based on this Holland's model most of you should have been given this in high school you can actually get it here at st. Peter's if you go down to what's that Center seal then you you can ask them to take vocation test and they'll give you the Holland test almost all the tests are based on Holland's model and I'm sure you took one in high school where they lay out you take you answer a million questions and then they say hey these are the jobs that fit your personality type hey maybe you should be a scientist maybe you should be a psychologist you should go into the helping field right things like that researchers shows that it actually should be given though not in high school where they usually give not at the University where we have people who can't make up their majors and they go get it that it should actually be given an elementary school the kids are actually making decisions about vocations between 12 and 18 so they should be exposed to more career options early on which is really interesting because I don't know about you but our school district has a magnet high school program which I always thought was bizarre that like in into it's not my school district it's our County right so in intermediate school you test into these these magnet schools and they're like there's a communication school that's what you're into if you want to do like media communications it's like you're almost picking a major for high school there there's a what biotech which biology based there's another one that's like a medical field so if you train enough to be a doctor right and it's like oh my god they're so young but actually the research supports this kind of idea so what are the idea is that there's six personality types as you can see realistic investigative artistic social enterprising and conventional and then they say let's just look at social people help people help there's like to work with people and forming and lighting helping training developing or curing them just like machinery and physical exertion trace cooperative understanding helpful so you answer questions that kind of say this is your personality type I think the most beneficial part of this type of vocational testing is that they give you a slew of jobs I think people get stuck and they think I'm gonna be a teacher or doctor like they don't know how many jobs are actually out there like in a million years I would never have thought my daughter's gonna end up being a grant writer like like I think we know that was a job you'd get paid for it but she's so smart that to think of it because she she really thought it through without mine any help from me like she wants to help people she wants to a cause but she also has some physical problems like she's chronic illness that could really end up crippling her at some point and she realized I need a job that I can work from no matter what and boy oh boy didn't she pick the right job because during the pandemic every one of her friends lost their job but not her she's working from home because if you don't need to be in an office people always need money even during a pandemic like she kind of picked a good profession for her her her situation but she has to live with all right so that's the Holland model so we talked about gender but it's a big deal in these things so gender is a major factor in career choice there's occupational gender segregation so that's kind of like stereotypical his-and-her jobs and I again I'm using air quotes his jobs like construction or or you know his job plumbers right and her jobs like secretary nurse now of course they're not gender specific my god anyone could do it right anyone could do any of those jobs the problem is that traditionally traditionally these these jobs had gender specific roles right there's actually more his jobs than her jobs and his jobs tend to pay more and be more prestigious people talk about pink collar jobs for example being a secretary or being retail sales but this gap is actually shrinking there's there there there's been a big effort of member of women's lib you know opened up the job market for women but it's still going on I had a friend whose aunts sole job was to train women to do non-conventional types of jobs to get them into programs that they'd be non conventional you know it's it's it I thought it's very very interesting position that that she did so and so my friend took advantage of it and she was constantly switching jobs and doing crazy it's really interesting okay so family influences so your family influences your career choices in ways that you might not realize your family income influences your educational choices your family income influences your career choices in that your limited education will eliminate you career choices what you're exposed to will limit it at children of working mothers tend to have really different views about careers because they've seen their mother work they they watch both parents go out like people raised in traditional I don't even know what there's such a thing but you know two family homes where the mother stays home I guess the 1950s model have a different view of what careers are open to them but it's not just these environmental things there's biological constraints believe it or not the role of genetics so if you come from a family of plumbers or a family of cops as a genetics or is it just tradition right you might ask yourself that my family oh my god my family is a family of cops and robbers so either people are cops are the delinquents you know if you go through the whole feeling so many cops what is that about what is it you know you could you have to ask yourself if you have a family of plumbers what is it cognitive strength and physical abilities are actually inherited right we know that because we talked about that in a couple of chapters before so your physical strength your cognitive abilities their genetic and those things lend to what careers you're gonna go in there are gender differences in the impact of these genetic influences right so women are are and men so siblings girls boys right they're going to have different impacts from their genetic influences but twin studies this is so interesting support a gene for males while there's no support for females in twin studies so what they find is that men boys children who are separated at birth so identical twins that are separated at birth even fraternal twins that are separated birth but the want the more interesting ones are the identical ones because they have the same genetic you know make up that are separated at Birth and then they're raised in different families end up being there is a significant correlation between their jobs they end up like two twins are separated at birth if you're male end up both being plumbers both being cops both being so there seems to be this male genetic gene but that is not present for women now I think there's a little bit that the book doesn't say this but personally I think there might be a little confound there because the data that data are limited to the look at the time frame right and women didn't have as many career choices I think as we women start breaking into different careers and moving forward and really spreading out what their career choices are we might end up seeing this genetic predisposition for twins that are separated at birth so do you get it so two twin sets the breeding at Birth that raised by different families the men end up taking on the same job significantly not every time but significantly more than twins that weren't not twins that weren't between two people raised in different families right but it doesn't it's not there for women and I'm saying I bet it's limited it's limited by the career options of women as time goes on it's probably going to be different okay age trends and work experience job performance does not appear to change significantly with age so if you're a hard worker in your 20s you're probably gonna be a hard worker in your 40s your 50s your 60s you know some people work hard that's think to like my work is so important to me I don't know it's I think it's very much tied to my ego and you know things in my life I I'm like married to my job's probably I don't have a partner in any sort I just took a lot you know and I just I've always been like that though I've always just given so much to work where other people I watch man I watched people just in my department done with teaching by God not never see them again not spending any time they're just gone it's like whoa you know and I always think about this bullet and about the research that suggests that they probably would the same way with other jobs but other things are important to them you know other things are more are the focus right are the number-one things job satisfaction in terms of age trends older workers are more satisfied with their jobs than younger workers which is very interesting because there's a couple things going on there right you've probably been at your job longer you've probably finally settled into the career that you want and you probably lower your expectations about what work is and you probably add a position that you're higher than people right do not like the scut coming in and have to go get the coffee after do the shitty jobs that no one else wants to do right so this may be affected by what we were considered selective attrition remember nutritions when people start dropping out so if you're in a job that you hate right you're gonna start you might end up dropping out of that job older workers are more realistic though I think that that's it the point I said that there tend to have lower job expectations they understand that work is always work and then how much you like it it's work you know and it sucks and people gonna be mean and you get personalities and you got to do you don't want to do right work is work I think that that that's the problem with them all right I think this is a perfect point to stop in the lecture I'm gonna do a second video for this one cuz it's kind of long and who the hell wants to listen to me this long although as I've been saying I think a lot of you just watching these what do you call like you're you binging these videos which is crazy boring spread it out so you don't have to listen to me go get a snack take a break I'm gonna try to find Rex I don't know where he went and I'll come back in a little bit remember we're not done with chapter 7 we are not done with it so don't think it's over yet talk to you soon bye