all right so this is chapter one and it's really just an introduction of how anatomy and physiology sort of fits into the general scientific spectrum and then you know the basics of a and P that we'll use to a continued so first up one of these two words mean anatomy and physiology oftentimes they go together because they describe two different aspects of the same thing and that is the human body and not just using body but all biological living things have a structure and that structure has a function you know the the organization of things is what brings about what that thing does or what that organism does so Anatomy is all about the structure in other words the relationship between the internal and external structures of an organism so in a sense anatomy is kind of static in other words it doesn't change you know you can look at an organism you can look at a picture and you can see its anatomy physiology is you put that structure in motion so how do how does that structure how does that organism perform the functions that it performs and in this course we're going to talk about both of these things and one of the general themes of A&P is that Anatomy brings about physiology and physiology works because of the anatomy so particularly next semester you're going to see how anatomy and physiology together are what really make you know the human being do what it does it's important in this course has a lot of terminology you know in a way it's as much a language course as it is a science course so along the way you know pay attention to the new words and new phrases new ways of using words because one of the things you're supposed to learn in this course you know we don't require a medical terminology course for most of our medical professions and the reason for that is because a and P does that for you you know so along the way you're going to be learning you're better terminology as well so and at the end of today we're going to talk a little bit about the Greek and Latin words that are used you know in anatomy and physiology and can be kind of daunting but how we can take those things apart alright but first off you know ap could really be called human biology because it's the study of the human organism as a biologic living thing so you know what is you know what are the characteristics of living things in general well there's this you know short list these are true of all living things so all living things are responsive in other words they change in response to stuff that happens in their environment you know this is true for a cell as well as you know a large complicated organism like a human being you know so we respond to things and some of the ways we respond to things are to move so living things have movement now they may not move themselves you know like trees don't move but there is movement that takes place inside that living organism so you know we share that with them adaptability in order to survive in a world that's changing all the time we have to be able to change you know organisms have to be able to change what they do to adapt to changing to the changing world you know so an example of this is you know when it gets cold outside our metabolism speeds up to help keep us warm on the inside creating more heat and when it's very warm outside our metabolism slows down so that's an example of adaptability growth and reproduction you know the body is growing all the time not just when we're children but even as adults all the wait until work we die because cells don't live as long as we do at least most cells don't you know muscle cells nerve cells okay they do but all the other cells of the body have to be replaced so in order to do that they have to grow they have to divide and then at the end of next semester you'll be talking about reproduction and how the human organism basic the feeds forward its genes into the next generation and the anatomy and physiology of that alright and then a respiration is the utilization of oxygen to produce energy and we're going to talk a little bit about this when we get into the cell here in a week or two and we talked about the mitochondria but you all know that you have to breathe in oxygen and you breathe out carbon dioxide the reason you do that is that oxygen is used to release energy from the food that you eat and then the result of that reaction that produces energy is the formation of CO 2 so this respiration takes place at the cellular level and it also takes takes place at the organism level as we breathe in and out bring oxygen in and get carbon dioxide out circulation different parts of the human being do different things you know that's sort of what organs are for to isolate a particular function in one place well all the cells of the body need all the organs of the body so the only way to have those organs take care of all those cells is we have to be moving something around all the time and that is blood and lymph both of which were ill cover in the second semester but circulation is a key component to all living organisms even at the cellular level if you look inside one cell things are still circulating and moving around it's the only way to keep nutrients and waste products sort of going in their correct directions digestion is something all living things do this is a where large molecules usually made by other living things you know like playoffs make vegetables and fruits and animals make muscle that becomes meat digestion is where we break those large molecules down into smaller pieces that then can be used to do what our body needs them to do either to be used as fuel or to be used as building blocks for things like cell's proteins bone that kind of stuff and then finally excretion you know all living things create waste products as there as part of their metabolism so to prevent those waste products from building up they have to be gotten rid of so the two systems that we have that perform excretion are the digestive system and the urinary system again both of which you're going to cover not this semester but next semester so we do in fact fit all the characteristics of living organism so in fact you are alive aren't you glad all right so the desktop as well as almost all am p books start with this same pattern of sort of building up to the human being as an organism so the first thing we're going to talk about not today but here in the next couple of weeks is we're going to talk about chemicals or basically it's we're going to do a little biochemistry mini-course so if you have a strong background in chemistry that our first chapter to lecture is going to seem very simple to you but not everybody does so you know it's an opportunity for people who maybe don't have a strong chemistry background to sort of at least learn what you need to know for a at p0 so you'll be able to go forward chemicals will see a form together to make cells you know cells are relatively complex things you know they have organs which we call organelles they have a variety of different functions some of which we'll see here in a minute so we'll spend a whole chapter talking about cells cells come together and join together to make tissues tissues a tissue is a group of cells that perform a similar function and then tissues in every organ there is more than one kind of tissue so different tissue types form together in a specific Anatomy to create an organ and then organs create some or provide some function for the body so you don't like the kidneys really get rid of waste products the lungs bring in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide and all of those organs that you've all heard about are formed from different tissues and those tissues are all formed by cells so we can sort of build up these this level of organization and then all the organs working together we get to the organism and organ systems which is what we'll start talking about when we get to chapter 5 which is the integumentary system or skin system so that's just the levels of organization and that's kind of how we'll introduce her or get you know we'll wade into anatomy and physiology by starting at chemistry then going to cells tissues and then the rest of the two semesters is all organ systems all right so cells when we talk about cells here in a couple of weeks we're going to talk about general characteristics of our cells but what's important to know is there's no such thing as a normal cell you know each cell has its own specific function and therefore it has its own anatomy and its own physiology so what we'll end up talking about is how all the cells are the same even though it's the differences between the cells that are really most important so like for example the whole top of this slide here is these are examples of different cells that we find in the body you know so we have these long spindly cells here that can actually contract and make themself shorter so those are smooth muscle cells blood cells you know here's this little red disc very tiny cells up in the in the scope of things larger white blood cells around their bone cells are really quite fascinating they have this kind of spider like appearance and they can be quite large and they actually produce the hard stuff that makes up own fat cells how you know just a little tiny nucleus and then they're full of lipid you know this is it's an energy storage of molecule so we can store up energy that we don't use for later so to speak on in the digestive tract we have these tall skinny cells that are all lined up next to each other in the reproductive tract you know we end up with a giant poo site or a and then a teeny tiny little sperm and the two of those together make a zygote which can go on maybe he would be and then the nervous system we have the most complicated anatomy of cells anywhere in the body the nerve cells you know this this is a simple one so to speak nerve cells can be exceedingly complex have hundreds or even thousands of connections to other cells so when you look at all these you know you don't see very many things in common but when we do talk about the cell here a bit we'll talk about some of the things that all these cells share in common and just as a reminder from biology the basic principles of cell theory you know the theory is that all life at least all life on Earth is made up of cells how can we say that because we've never found a living thing for which that was not the case so every living thing that's ever been documented here on planet Earth is made up of cells so we say the theory is cells in the structural building blocks of plants and animals so all living things all cells come from other cells so cells don't just happen they divide from pre-existing cells so only a cell can make itself and then finally the cell is the sort of the functional unit of life on earth in other words it's the smallest unit that performs all of the characteristics of a living thing so it's the smallest part of the organism that has all of these characteristics of the living organism so cells are sort of the foundation of biology all right cells together can form tissues and tissues will spend again several class sessions just talking about the different tissue types but although everything in your body is one of these four kinds of tissues it's either epithelial tissue which lines the surfaces of things epithelial tissue also creates glands that produce secretions or substances for various purposes connective tissue connects things not surprisingly it sort of fills the spaces between these other three tissue types and connective tissue is the most diverse of the in other words there's more kinds of connective tissue than there are of any of these other three tissue types so this is things like fat bone ligaments that hold muscles together the internal structure of the heart for example all of these are connective tissue muscle tissue it's claim to fame as it can contract so our movement that takes place inside or inside the body or the body moving itself all happens because of muscles and it's because muscle can pull itself into a shorter shape and by doing that it can make things move you know whether it's your arm moving your heart moving to pump blood or your digestive tract pumping up you know digestion materials through all movement in the body comes from this muscle tissue and there's three times their skeletal cardiac and smooth which we'll talk in great length about later on in the course and then normal tissue if specialization is it conducts electrical impulses and it also produces substances that make changes in other cells so the command and control system of the body is nervous tissue which uses this electrical conductivity to actually make chemical changes that then make things happen and towards the end of the course in unit 3 of this course anyway we're going to talk at length about neural physiology how do nerves work how do those chemicals that they release you know make all the fancy stuff that we know our nervous system does happen so all tissues are all everything in the body is one of these four tissue types and we'll go into much more detail about that later on all right so tissues come together to make organs all organs are made up of more than one tissue type and we divide the organs of the body up into systems and after our first four chapters where we do chemistry cells and then tissues the the rest of the course both semesters is we're going to do organ systems so we're going to talk about the skin which is the integumentary system skin and hair we're going to talk about the skeletal system all the bones the muscular system all the skeletal muscles that move the bones around these two together we'll talk about joints which is articulations or worth of how the body moves essentially there's the nervous system the endocrine system cardiovascular system is the first chapter in A&P to the lymphatic system the respiratory digestive urinary and reproductive system so we're going to get to endocrine in the first part in this first semester and then the rest of these you're going to cover an AME - all right all right so here's our first question and what you'll see happen here in a minute is okay so you want to get to your socrata so Anatomy is the is what and what you'll see happen and I just sent you a multiple-choice question so you should have a B C D or E as an answer you can give there we go and I'm starting to get answers and I'm gonna get what I don't get your name all I get is who picked which answer you know so I get like a bar graph of ABCD and E and it tells me not who answered but what the general answers for the course or for the students are and I've got a bunch of questions in here today humanities gives on but I wanted you to see how it worked all right and good most of you got that the correct answer is C so Anatomy is structure D which was the second most popular answer the study of living organisms is biology so the more specific study of structure is anatomy now you can say that a the study of function that's physiology so we have anatomy and physiology function and structure and then let's see a branch of physiology no anatomy and physiology they're equals one is not above the other all right so a TQ is which of those things all right soap in there last few people okay there's some variation on this one all right the correct answer here is the tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure and function and we'll talk more about that when we get to the tissue chapter but a tissue is cells of the same type basically that are all in one place all right skip that one okay so one of the key components of understanding physiology is this idea of homeostasis I know you've all heard this word before in your in your past biology classes but just as a refresher homeostasis is basically the body preserving itself you know in order for a living thing to continue to function normally it has to it has to maintain its internal environment and it has to maintain itself in a particular way you know it has to have energy to use it has to keep itself at a certain temperature a certain pH all those things so homeostasis in order for this to occur the body has to be responsive like we saw on that list characteristics of living things homeostasis is how the body responds to a departure from normal or a problem so the three main components of homeostatic reflex are you have to have a receptor in other words you have to be able to tell something as change you need to have a control center something has to decide what to do or create a change anyway and then there has to be an effector you have to be able to do something about what you're looking at so the classic example here that we all have in our homes is you know your furnace or your air conditioner so if you think of the normal state is you know room temperature so we'll say 70s degrees well if that temperature goes up you know because it's hot outside and we go up to 78 degrees in order to maintain that normal 76 well first we have to know there's been a change so that's why you have thermostat you know the thermometer in the thermostat detects temperature so when it detects that that that the temperature has gone up it sends that information to the control center which is the the switch in the thermostat that turns the air conditioner on and then that control center creates an effect it turns the air conditioner on which lowers the temperature from 78 back down to 76 and once that occurs then this feedback mechanism is turned off because now we're back to homeostasis so nothing needs to change now the technical definition for this kind of a mechanism is called a negative feedback mechanism in other words the departure from normal is negated in other words it's it is reduced to nothing or reduced to zero and is therefore then brought back to its zero state where it's normal so just like the air conditioner in your house we have these lots of these feedback mechanisms in the body to you know normal body temperature 98.6 degrees right well if you go outside without a coat today you know eventually that temperature is going to decrease and there are receptors in the skin and in the brain that detect that change sends a signal to the brain and the brain responds by triggering heat conservation and heat production changes so for example you know we have ups and downs here so 37 degrees C is it's the normal rate if we go above that the body tries to lose that extra heat so you sweat your vessels in your skin dialing so that you can radiate heat out to the air your breathing rate increases because as you breathe you evaporate a lot of water and that that cools the body in the other direction you know say you've gotten too cold like outside today your blood vessels can strip to try to hold on to that heat so your skin gets very pale you know your fingers get kind of white your you don't sweat the sweating response decreases you tend to breathe through your nose instead of your mouth as a way to conserve heat when you're cold you tend to not breathe out of your mouth and then also if you get cold enough you'll start to shiver that's your muscles contracting to create heat to actually keep you warm and warm you up so one of the reasons why on a cold day like this you'll feel your muscles tense you know you'll feel tense outside when you're cold that's your muscles trying to keep you warm by creating contraction all right now another kind of feedback mechanism which is a little harder to get and it's rarer in the body is called a positive feedback this is where a small departure from normal creates a large effect so the two examples that you hear of this positive feedback are the climbing system and delivering the baby during pregnancy so let's look at this so we've had some damage to a blood vessel here you know instead of a nice continuous wall like we're supposed to have we've got a hole here well the exposure of this hole to this area it gets platelets to stick here now when platelets start to stick to each other they get more platelets to stick to each other so it's a positive feedback mechanism one thing makes many things happen and then those many things make even more things happen so it's sort of like multiplication or a geometric increase so what we get is a small change exposure of this tissue to this tissue creates a large chain which is a big blood clot so generally these positive feedback loops they continue to get bigger and bigger until whatever you inciting event has been stopped so like in this case we get more and more clotting until this area has been sealed off and it's no longer you know visible from this area now in delivering the baby we get this same thing with each contraction the contraction actually gets stronger each time as the body makes more and more chemical to create stronger and stronger contractions so essentially contractions create stronger contractions so it's another positive feedback mechanism these are we don't see these as often but when they're present they tend to make big things happen you know like a blood clot for example happens very quickly and can be very robust it's because of this positive feedback system yes positive feedback systems can get out of hand not very often but much more easily than negative ones can because in a sense there's no off switch you know there's no automatic off switch you can keep going even when it should well right here once the the tissue has been sealed up then the original stimulus to start clotting disappears so it does stop but it won't stop until it's completely sealed which is kind of a good thing for clots all right we're going to skip questions because we're gonna go slow today anatomical position get this picture in your mind because everything in anatomy is labeled according to this in other words if you know and do this at home stand like this for a few minutes so you remember this is anatomic position now here's what I mean by that when we go to say where one thing is in relationship to another we're going to use this standardized position so like if I were to tell you are the palms of the hands towards the front or towards the back in anatomical position they're pointing forward so they're anterior as we'll see when we get to those words in a minute so it's very similar but you'll see particularly get to the bones and muscles and we start talking about movement that anatomical position is important to remember so the people mistake the most is the position of the hands you know because how do we stand naturally we take we stand with our palms pointed to inwards towards our trunk but in anatomic position we have our hands rotated out so that the palms are up so standing palms forward that's an atomic position alright some news of our first vocabulary words anterior and posterior anterior is towards the front so everything we can see here in figure a is anterior posterior is towards the back so everything in Figure B is posterior and we're going to see some other words here in a minute alright so the different regions of the body's body have landmarks and this is our first slide where you'll see a little box here saying you should be familiar with all these terms what I'm saying here is this is a to be memorized slide because these are medical terms that are used in the description of where things are at in the body you know in a medical chart it is better to say antebrachium than it is to say arm or forearm because it's that's more specific now I'm not going to go through all of these but I want you to generally speaking in terms of pronunciation all the letters get sounded out so you know there aren't very many silent letters in Latin and Greek and as we'll get to in a minute if I hear you pronouncing something incorrectly I'll just correct you in other words I'll tell you the right way to say it I'm not being mean or nitpicky or whatever I'm just trying to help you not sound like you don't know what you're talking about you can when you do so particularly in lab you'll hear me correcting your ear Greek and Latin alright so we typically work on the patient from the outside from the inside even though in anatomy a lot of times we think about the patient from the inside out so anatomical landmarks are things that we can see on the outside that give us a clue as to what's on the inside so for example the the internet crust or your hip bone you know which is here and here that's an example of a superficial landmark and like when some of you learn how to give injections you're going to use that landmark to sort of map where the muscles are around that landmark so an anatomical landmark is something you can see on the surface of the body usually it's a spot that is relatively consistent across patient you know another one is behind your ear you know you'll have this bony a round bony thing that sits behind your ear and when you tap on it it sounds kind of hollow that's another landmark that's the mastoid process and it can it shows you where the one of the muscles connects and that gives the sternocleidomastoid so anatomical patient or anatomical landmarks we use all the time in patient care and as we get to some of those in later chapters we'll point those out all right okay put on some of the most important stuff from this whole today chapter is right here in this slide okay and in the next one when we talk about planes these directional terms you are going to use not just in this class but for the rest of your lives and describing things about patients okay so we we use these there's sort of relationship term so for example cranial and caudal cranial is toward the head caudal is toward the tail now we don't have a tail but where our tail would be which would be at the end of our sacrum so when you're talking about the spine for example you know the cranial end of the spinal cord is is where the brain is and the caudal end of the spinal cord is where the what we call the cauda equina is so cranial to call used to describe really the the spinal column so the head is cranial - the lumbar spine the thoracic spine is cranial - the sacrum the sacrum is caudal - the thoracic spine you kind of get that so depending on which direction you're going you can describe where things are okay so cranial and caudal anterior and posterior we already talked about but there is another word for front and back in the human being because we stand upright anterior and ventral are synonyms so ventral in technically means towards the belly now our belly is emits in the front so ventral is toward the belly dorsal is towards the back so in the human anterior and ventral are the same posterior and dorsal are the same so they're synonyms now you know why just the human being if you think about a dog a dog ventral side points towards the ground you know where is its belly it's at the bottom right and where is its back it's at the top but because we stand upright posterior in dorsal are always towards the back anterior and ventral or towards the front all right um medial and lateral medial is towards the midline of the body lateral is toward the outside so in anatomic position the thumb is lateral to the pinky right because the pinky is medial it's towards the midline that means that the thumb is lateral it's towards the outside so medial and lateral and then proximal and distal we use particularly with the limbs proximal means closer to the middle closer to the trunk closer to the center and when you think of the center of the body think chest you know like where the heart is that's kind of how the old and Adam is thought so próximos towards the middle distal is towards the end so you know you're the end of your middle finger is most distal part of your arm because it's farthest away from your middle in the center so get familiar with these try to use them you know what where is your knee in relation to your ankle well the ankle is distal to the knee the knee is proximal to the ankle okay because we're going to you're going to hear these words over and over again in this course all right planes one of the challenges with Nadia physiology is what you have to look at most of the time except in lab and in the cadaver lab which we're going to you all can see the cavern next week so that's that'll be cool we're going to go to the lab but most of the pictures you see when you're learning anatomy two-dimensional you know we don't have the technology yet to put three-dimensional models and textbooks right so you end up looking at a 2d just a depiction of a three-dimensional thing so you have to always be remembering while you're studying Anatomy that the body is not flat you know we don't exist as South Park characters you know with no third dimension instead we have a third dimension and it matters so one of the ways that we can think about the body in 3d is to think of three planes that we can divide the body into okay so in the frontal plane which is this one right here we've cut the body into a front half and a back half so when we look at an image of that you know here's what we see you know we see that's through the frontal plane so that's one image you see the frontal plane a lot in pictures and your Anatomy button you know like an atomic position that's a picture in the frontal plane right or when you look at muscles and bones a lot of times the picture is looking like this taken from the front so we see a lot of the frontal plane we have to remember that there's two other planes that have relationships to the sagittal plane cuts the patient into left and right so a midsagittal section goes right through the middle but any sagittal plane is you're looking at the from the side essentially so I hear from the side where we get a great view of the spinal cord even though we don't really see it very well in the frontal plane you know because the spinal cord is towards the back and this frontal section is a little bit more towards the front and then the last plane we look at is the transverse plane this is cutting a patient along the long axis so like CT scans which many of you will get a chance to see are usually filmed in the transverse plane so it's good to think about the anatomy because you're going to occasionally see pictures in this direction yeah you have a question oh I thought you're raising your hand sorry I'm so frontal sagittal transverse plane and I'll try to show you some examples of these as we go through the organ systems because the key is to think about the body in three dimensions all the time so for example when you look at a picture of the chest what you usually see as you see one's on two sides and a heart in the middle right well the reality in three dimensions is it's not that simple the heart is actually in front and the lungs are all behind the heart so it's just one example of how a two-dimensional image doesn't give you all the information so as we go through the anatomy I'll try to show you these the other three-dimensional relationships outside of just the frontal plane you know like the lungs for example where the heart is very much towards the front and the lungs are very much towards the back not part of the middle lungs to the two sides alright we're about out of time today so okay so the last thing we want to talk about with my remaining two minutes is word roots Greek and Latin used kind of the Lego model of language in other words we take small word roots and we put them together to make increasingly specific words so for example gastrocolic reflex gastro means stomach colic means : so this is the stomach to colon reflux you kind of get that and the in OCD is compound words a lot in this course so instead of being scared by these big long strange words think of them in their parts you know gastrocolic okay well where if I heard gastro before well gastric okay stomach here's another example cytotoxic T cells Saito is cell toxic is deadly so what does this cell likely to be deadly to cells right cytotoxic T cells so um where rocks are a good way to learn anatomy there's a list in your book and it's worth going over some of these just to familiarize yourself with them and as you're studying the Wikipedia has a great big long list of medical work routes so you might want to put this in your favorites because it can help you remember what a term or a phrase means by knowing what the word roots mean that you can put it together for yourself thank you everybody I will see you