International Relations: Overview and Key Concepts

Introduction to International Relations (IR)

Emergence: Field emerged in the early 20th century, particularly post-World War I; gained traction in universities after World War II.
Justification: International relations often justifies its existence separate from politics and history, with the LSE being a notable exception by having a dedicated department.

Diversity of Approaches: Different scholars use varied concepts, theories, and methods, which enriches the field.
Focus on Global Contexts: Studies relationships that extend beyond domestic contexts, connecting local territories to global dynamics.

Transnational Relations: Includes multinational companies, smugglers, refugees, etc.
Focus Areas: Analyzes events above state jurisdiction and dynamics affecting international relationships.
- Examples: International migration, pollution, war.

Broadening the Scope: Emphasizes studying violence rather than just war, encompassing conflicts within states, transnational conflicts, and non-state violence (e.g., terrorism).
Decision-Making: Investigates critical decisions regarding war and the broader implications of violence in international politics.

Foreign Policy: Primarily about a state’s approach in the global arena, influenced by domestic political objectives and the need for international cooperation.
Tension: Politicians may prioritize local interests over necessary international collaboration, impacting global stability.

Questioning State-Centric Views: Scholars are examining who is excluded from traditional studies and the implications of this oversight.
Inter-community Interaction: Focus on moral and behavioral dynamics in state interactions and the processes of cooperation and integration.

European Integration: Example of successful cooperation: the historical animosity between France and Germany leading to a now peaceful relationship.
Moral Considerations: Importance of acknowledging one's biases while studying international dynamics and crises.

Difference from Public Outrage: Academics must approach the study of international relations with a structured argument rather than emotional reactions.
Learning Curve for Students: New students often take time to adjust from an outrage-based perspective to an analytical one.

Intellectual Inquiry: Some students are driven by a desire to understand the causes behind global events.
Practical Application: Others wish to engage directly in diplomacy and international affairs to improve processes and outcomes.

Realists: Pessimistic view, focusing on managing and minimizing conflict in a naturally competitive international system.
Idealists: Optimistic belief in potential for global cooperation and improvement through democracy and understanding.
Historical Context: Idealism originated after World War I, advocating for collective security and peace.
Future Outlook: While an idealistic united world is possible, it's not imminent; IR will remain relevant due to ongoing differences among states.