Human Anatomy and Physiology - Cardiovascular System: Circulatory System

Overview

• Continuation of the cardiovascular system lecture series, focusing on the circulatory system.
• The circulatory system impacts all cells, tissues, and organs.
  • Functions: Transport of materials, capillary exchange, white blood cells and antibodies, hemostasis, and acid-base balance.

Interaction with Organ Systems

Digestive System

• Aids in nutrient and water absorption.
• Delivers nutrients to the liver for processing.
• Provides nutrients for blood cell production and hemoglobin development.

Endocrine System

• Delivers hormones through the bloodstream to target organs.

Integumentary System

• Carries clotting factors, platelets, and white blood cells.
• Regulates temperature through blood flow control.

Lymphatic System

• Transports white blood cells and antibodies to maintain health.

Muscular System

• Provides nutrients and oxygen for muscle contraction.
• Removes lactic acid and distributes heat.
• Skeletal muscle pump aids blood return to the heart.

Nervous System

• Provides cerebral spinal fluid and maintains blood-brain barrier.
• Regulates cardiac output and blood flow via autonomic nervous system.

Reproductive System

• Facilitates genital erection and transports gonadotropic hormones.

Respiratory System

• Facilitates gas exchange and dissipates CO2 via alveoli.

Skeletal System

• Provides calcium, phosphate, and other minerals for bone matrix.

Urinary System

• Delivers blood for filtering in kidneys (20% of circulation).
• Regulates blood volume and blood pressure.

Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits

Pulmonary Circuit

• Blood enters the right atrium from venae cavae, passes to right ventricle, then to lungs via pulmonary trunk.
• Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium via pulmonary veins, then to left ventricle and systemic circulation.

Systemic Circulation

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure.
• Aorta branches supply blood to the upper body and limbs.
• Veins mirror arteries, aiding in blood return to the heart.

Hepatic Portal System

• Liver receives blood from systemic circulation via hepatic artery.
• Blood processed and detoxified through hepatic portal vein.
• Unique as it receives blood from other organs, not directly from the heart.

Fetal Circulation

• Blood vessels form from embryonic mesoderm.
• Oxygenated blood supplied via umbilical vein, deoxygenated blood removed via umbilical arteries.
• Major fetal shunts: Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus.
• Post-birth changes involve lung expansion and closure of shunts.