AP Psychology: Research Methods in Psychology

Introduction

• Topic: Unit 1, Topic 2
• Focus: Research Methods in Psychology
• Main Idea: Investigating hypotheses through various research methods

Hypothesis vs. Theory

• Hypothesis: Testable prediction made before research
• Theory: Supported by data from completed research; explains a question or thought

Importance of Operational Definitions

• Purpose: Counter biases, allow replication of studies
• Components:
  • Define variables
  • Specify measurement methods
• Example: Measuring impact of a drug (define dosage, measure health by sickness frequency)

Surveys

• Use: Collect self-reported data (opinions, thoughts, factual info)
• Advantages: Quick data collection, anonymity for sensitive topics
• Challenges:
  • Wording Effect: Misleading questions impact responses
  • Sampling: Determining who answers; not always surveying the entire population
  • Population vs. Sample: Population = whole group; Sample = subset representing population
  • Sampling Methods: Random sampling (equal chance), Stratified sampling (subcategories)
  • Sampling Bias: Sample does not represent entire population

Case Studies

• Use: In-depth look at specific group/individual
• Advantages: Detailed, chronological information
• Challenges:
  • Time-consuming and expensive
  • Hawthorne Effect: Subjects alter behavior when observed

Correlational Studies

• Purpose: Examine relationship strength between two variables
• Limitation: Does not show cause and effect (correlation ≠ causation)
• Example: Unrelated correlations (e.g., honey production and legal executions)
• Third Variable Problem: External variables impact study

Naturalistic Observation

• Purpose: Observe behaviors in real-world settings
• Advantages: Authentic data, understanding true behavior
• Challenges:
  • Informed consent alters behavior
  • Limited context from short-term observations
  • Example: Unusual school changes during COVID-19
• Note: Describes behavior, does not explain it

Cross-Sectional Studies

• Purpose: Compare different groups (e.g., age groups) at the same time
• Limitation: Snapshot, not a complete picture

Longitudinal Studies

• Purpose: Follow one group/individual over a long period
• Advantages: Shows changes over time, useful for developmental understanding
• Challenges: Expensive, time-consuming, participant dropout

Conclusion

• Different research methods have unique strengths and weaknesses
• Practice questions available for review
• Encouragement to like and subscribe for more AP Psychology content