hello ms' hope you're keeping well I think that's not my favorite phrase in each of my lessons today we're actually going to look at geomorphology and we're gonna look at floovio landforms now let's get going okay now firstly as in all the lessons we have to look at what we going to cover all right we're gonna look at all these we're gonna identify described it for me of the following movie of landforms okay so let me get my pen organized ah there we skip a slide my pen organized and then we can get going all right we're gonna look first you're gonna look at me and us we can look under me and as you're going to look at the undercuts we're gonna look at the slope of slope you're gonna look at the Oxbow make the sand island the braided stream the flat plane the natural levee the waterfall the rapids the Delta and then we're gonna look at how it is utilized by man okay or by humans I apologize females it's by humankind you know people still say sometimes and that's the discriminating against the female so it's human kind okay let's go on let's look at the first one the waterfall okay it generally happens in the upper course and not incorrectly lower down but mostly in the upper course all right we can see it's a beautiful sight here all right something all of us love to watch and after join the aesthetic appeal is beautiful with regards to a waterfall okay how is it caused let's look at this it's caused first of all by a difference in rock resistance all right that means harder rock and softer Rock okay so the river flows over the harder Rock okay it's flowing but as it reaches the softer rock it erodes it faster okay that's obvious it erodes it faster alright another Rock slower so there is our harder rocky honest and all of a sudden he came across softer rock and why did you just soft a rock it is roaded it faster okay so the software of got eroded faster now what happens it's like a step formation yeah - can you see it a step formation that is forming so it forms a step in the I call it a step I like that all right because now there's a drop changing in great idea okay the outer lava flows over the step to form a waterfall there's the rubber flowing over now can you see it and it's forming a waterfall a waterfall is you waterfalls okay right so over time now that's a waterfall but over time what happens the overhanging resistant Rock breaks off can you see the resistant rock is here the softer rock was getting eroded all right now this overhanging resistant rock is down yeah and eventually it breaks and falls can you see climb down yeah now pieces of this rock obviously this water coming down so the movement of this rock in the water also results in here right smoking against each other it's like appraising attrition that sector was knocking on the signs and things like that all right so zero D and as zero and it's making you deeper yeah can you see it making a deeper and that is known as your plunge pool this area here can be very dangerous if it's very deep in it can be misleading people walk in and suddenly boot the inside here and you can come so it's your clannish pool that forms okay let us that's your water for let's go to the next one but it's very turbulent flow you can look at it here turbulent flow all right you can see the foam in nature down here alright in the upper course generally in the upper course alright you find that this happens because they are waterfalls around a they are Rapids etc okay now how does it it flows over and even riverbed the bottom of kilometer of a bit it froze over way it's uneven now how is the evenness cost again by a difference in the rock resistance alright there's a difference in that rock resistance so therefore in that the rock now the flow over and as it flows over this difference you can create a rapid alright so the software or get eroded faster all right the harder rock causes the obstructions of a what's the river flows and these little obstructions yeah creates the rapper okay I'm sorry in the software up on the rapid as it flows over that okay let's go all right let's look at the next one at the end all right this is loop like bends in the river in the middle all right this is what Jenny found but you'll also find it in the upper or sorry no way am I going lower let me write that down lower so you remember that and I think my writing is definitely improving in the lower course alright you'll also find it in the lower course all right these meanders okay as it goes - all right and then it develops as a result of increased lateral erosion alright which allows the river to cut the signs of the rubber channel can you see the river moving all right it's cutting it's moving it's cutting it eroding okay as it moves through its course all right so it also starts to the end okay on one side is erosion on the other side is deposition okay now so we know it's a bend on the river okay the outer Bank of the lava channel okay flow faster resulting in erosion can you see the outer Bank that's the outer Bank as it moves here it's the Outer Banks so we're having erosion alright and this is known as you undercut eros undercuts your brother okay so we have the undercut slope on the interbank it's not so energetic all right there is more their position resulting in the slope of slope can you see on the inner bank now we have more their position all right so this as it's moving here will be flowing here take the road all right on this side equal deposit now where is it rolling can you see as it's rolling it's steeper on this Bank and yeah it is more gentle because of the deposition slip off slope deposition undercut slow erosion better matching the cross down here all right cross profiles okay yeah you'll notice the lava is flowing straight all right there's no bends so the profile is more or less evenly based it can you see yeah it's flowing and it's you're holding here okay so we said when it erodes it's steeper yeah this is the undercut slow notice your profile okay on this side it is steeper and yeah it is more gentle because erosion here deposition here alright now look at this as it goes it's going to erode yeah okay so this side will be steeper now look at your cross section it's steep on the side can you see so sometimes you can ask you to France profiles okay what the row by itself and tell me mates going if you come back here it's flowing straight there's no massive difference in steepness between the bow slopes so it's important to know all this lonnis that's your man generally in your main course all right and also you getting done with our course then we talk about an oxbow lake all right most times or rather it is found in your lower course all right now let's look at what happens here it's a horseshoe shape as can be seen in this little picture my face a little bit away from you can you see the horseshoe shape here okay there's your over here so let's look at how it actually happens right so it forms when the meander bends is cut off from the main okay all right you can happen in any form of rejuvenation in the romance to be energized okay so what happens is when the river has been energized and comes down in flat it cuts through the neck of the meander all right now let's look at that all right now let's make sense in this little sketch down here there is your reverb meandering it's flowing remember you got your undercut your slope of slope etc now as this river gets more energy it flows faster and and as it flows faster what's going to happen on the on the pins that it flows it's going to you know more all right you remember that all right it's going to zero more can you see this and as it's eroding more this is known as the neck of the meander it's eroding more and more and more you understand what's happening to the neck it's getting narrower narrower can you see is getting narrow and eventually what happens when the river comes in flag all right they're sitting flat here okay with this narrow bed which is cut through now that's the position that happens yeah and has that position happens what happens eventually this part of the meander is separated from the main river and this horseshoe shaped oh I'm decorating this diagram that is separated from the rubber this dog has a oxbow lake in the lower course let's look at the floodplain the next one okay now let me look at the floodplain it's associative the word flat flat please remember that flood all right and that's how we get it so as the river is the lower course the valley is wider and the gradient djenka okay we know in the lower course it is gentle gradient as you can see down here okay it's gentle gentle okay gradient all right the flat area is on either side of the rubber channel okay and this is known as your flood plain alright during times of flood the river overflows its banks depositing alluvium those rich sediments alright on to the science which is your flat Lee hence the name floodplain so from this we can gather that the floodplain has got sediment deposits okay rich cinnamons deposits which you know already can be used for agriculture farming okay those sort of things it can be used for radios on the reed sentiments but let's see what I was sketches can you see the flat terrain yeah here's your Nova meandering down here alright and as I said the end this can happen the low-cost alright there's it me at the end this area is the flag area and now the answer overflowing him when it gets into flood what happens notice a change the water starts to flow across this flat plain alright that's why we said flood plain all right and then deposit sediment etc this is beautiful yeah there is you're over here lettuce can you see it nobody's here ok and on either side can you see the sediments have been deposited together with the water we also see even settlements opinion lots of it is settlements if I'm settling down etc alright so that you can do farming and things like that in that area alright so yeah is where the water starts to flood out of the river and you notice it is a flat terrain ok it's good another one levy alright but we have been focusing on a natural leaving now what happens yet during flooding the coarsest and heaviest materials are deposited alongside kind of a channel alright forming a natural Ridge or embankment called the levy okay seems a bit abstract all right now let's look at it let's look at this little sketch here before flooding everything was fine look at the level of the water it's Dave all right now flooding happens can you see the flood stage where the water floods look at the level of the water now it's much much higher okay can you see that now what happens as it floods like that sediments lluvia more whatever you want to call them they're on us it's geographically correct starts to accumulate on the sites all right and what happens when the river after flooding the level of the water comes down and look at what has happened yet the sediments stay here and of course the costs and the heaviest right if you digging a hole Lanice you'll find that as you throw out okay the step particles things that area will fall alongside the hole all right and that is why you find its innovative and the lighter materials will flow down the dust materials will flow down so the heavier material stay on the site all right which creates an elevated riverbank can you see them an elevated riverbank all right now look at this picture - it seems like somebody made it they look at this area here it's elevated that's no natural levee it's elevated all right so there are pine once if you elevate if this river comes in flood later you'll actually can hold more water back okay maybe reduce the risk of flooding now don't you take it away but to use the risk of flooding okay let's go on another feature Delta these are massive feet using once some of it can go up to 1,000 I think the Ganges is over thousand six hundred kilometers white alright be huge okay so let's look at this flu VLAN form and is a flu virulent form that he's caused by deposition of sediment that was carried by a river and the as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slow-moving water all right it slows down all right so what happens as it slows down it's gonna lose energy all right and if it loses energy its carrying capacity will be less so LEM is what actually happens here is I promise you that is pure water right all right what happens here is that acid deposits okay it's gonna create little sand islands okay along B now note what I said slower moving water right you find a lot of your deltas are found near or right at the sea but it doesn't necessarily have to be at the scene okay it occurs when a river enters the ocean which is your C alright see I'm gonna use that word is Chui all linked it can't be like also its entry okay it may be a little flatter so loses its energy deposits so it doesn't necessarily have to be at the sea this is implemented most of it happens they all right so what happens the deposit need to deposited materials brings up vertically so it grows higher and higher and higher alright so the asset here can you see it alright it's higher than the level of the water it's higher than the level of the water so what happens now River has to create channels through the deposited material look at this lens for the river history is creating little channels can you see it there's a chance going through the sea I don't want to end the show all right let's go yet can you see more channels coming through all right it's creating channels okay now these channels when they go into the sea correct they never join again it's part of the sea so there's a name for this all right and this is known as distributaries branches of a river that does not return to the main stream after leaving it okay yes it's going to the sea that's a disability all right we also know there are various types of birds for tonight there's so many things right but you need to know all right that generally it is fan-shaped can you see sort of fan-shaped coming out here that's your general thing all right so generally fan-shaped as you can see here the hairs the Delta there's your sand deposits to sediment deposited down yeah sand banks all right here is your River creating your distributaries here's the ocean yeah it can be a link just remember that lands all right there is your little ones going in and that's it it's gone okay do you understand net levels that is your Delta obviously in the lower course okay let's go on the next one we look at is your reheated streams also in the lower costs all right what happens yeah it occurs where the river load is heavy and some sediments I deposited some processes are similar to the Delta and is similar to the Delta okay so is it deposited creating sand islands sometime the word sandbox will be used okay so let's look at this can you see that's your sandbar that's your Samba dancing samba there is it yeah okay right and this is between the rubber channels can you see the rubber channels yeah it's in between the rubber channels there is all your channels yeah and it's in between that and then it flows down all right eventually when it completes the flow past the sand baths what happens it joins again so in this case the River joins again so it's not a distributor because eventually if you look up here it may have been one river can you see it flowing yeah and what happens it flows between and eventually it joins getting down yeah all right that is your braided stream all right then you combine in the end now so I know many of you know the word brains and that's what it looks like look at this picture yellen's can you see it maybe this would be the new fashion that we'll be using in your head these brains that are spread out okay especially when you reach my age and you start to lose away I don't think I need losing my head at the moment but you'll find that these are similar to the braids in your head a braided stream so I want to say that fashion has gotta from geography that's where the word braids has come from but I don't really know when it actually came all right which one was first I think I know but I'm not going to tell you okay right I know missing diagram again let's look at the utilization of the landforms by humans now I'm gonna give you a few examples remember when you're writing your exam all you're writing an assessment once again because there's so many examples look at the resource I know you must be getting tired of me saying this please look at the resource see what spam they and if your answer specific to that I will be showing you a past paper just now and you'll see that some things you'll have to work out you'll have to work out yourself in order to get the answers but you'll have to look at resources etc so let's look at some hydro electricity from the waterfalls that's a man uses it especially those waterfalls not in South Africa had it that way but we want to force have continuous flow of water you understand you can put your turbines there you can generate electricity fantastic alright that can be brought in from me okay then what supply from things like oxbow lakes you've seen that hofstra shape it's a lake itself it may look very narrow from me but these legs can be wide can be a kilometer more white you understand right so there's a lot of water can be used for various things okay the water supply for agriculture we can even use it for recreation lands all right over various other things specific maybe farming forestry you understand whatever it can be useful that water sample apply is available domestic use etc then agriculture analyst make it special - towards farming also I didn't include the word yeah but farming also which you can use the flat plains and the Dantas it's flat area the flat plane has flapped land it is rich in sediments and by being rich in sediments yes it's ideal for farming of course we take it very point where their farm where the things will be etc Tara's also the others have a lot of it economic activity this there's this farming going on they you understand on all those sediment deposits which are quite big good you saw the picture I showed you all right lots of activities can happen then okay that you would look at all right so floodplains deltas all use for farming also and I'll put the word farming yeah right I'm gonna do some practice I like that not my right team ok farming all right so we got farming happening and I'm right the word farm a little practice while I do my lesson okay I'm just gonna say main no I'm just fooling around a but now yes give me a round of applause Alanis I think that was a bad okay so recreation is the next one all right where we can have recreational activities if you go to the waterfall people go and relax they'll help it mix and me my the waterfall for whatever reason I know your other reasons but whatever reason it's such a beautiful sight this aesthetic appeal you understand that's happening in that area okay you can play in a branch pool of course watch out where you go alright Rapids is also recreation alright can doing whatever that you can go whitewater rafting recreation of course the others can also be okay I'm just giving you some examples right second months also can happen on flat plains it's flat land you understand you can burrow down they of course will be cautious where you both all right if it's flooding in a certain area you will avoid it because of the dangers of flooding or it's easier to put transport networks whether it's a delta whether it's a flat plane you understand flat the areas you don't pay so much money can you see the examples that we could use there's so many of them okay that could be used here all right economic I'm putting that here in the sense that I know this is economic in other cases here like farming and whatever tourism you you understand waterfalls Rapids especially waterfalls and set of people visit waterfalls when it's domestic tourists or tourists from overseas international becoming them soon as they see the so what if they want to go and see all right and this works and of course I found this wonderful hotels restaurants all that will start developing so it's excellent it makes it's a lot of economic development bringing in a lot of capital all right and of course it drawing and etc I'm going a little more into this to sometimes you get questions they don't just ask you significance they ask you the impact on on the economy and various things so learners you must always be prepared not just to look at this would blink us and say this is the importance of how to define humans all right you must have look love it it presents how your questions can be answered right or asked rather so very very important all right as normal let's then look at the past penis alright now this paper gave us a picture of a Garrett ah alright I chose this because there are some questions that even if you look at textbooks you look at content material it won't be your name correct and such the province unfair etcetera no no it takes you beyond that way you have to apply yourself and that's the reason I chose this one so obviously once again what does the examiner do it gives you a head II would says data all right which tells you what the photograph is about all right we can see the fan shape er all right already we can see and the examiners given us a little hint yet in terms of this being our sand deposits all this area here we can see it's entering the ocean and then he exam says hey hey right it's pointing to these little channels which are entering the sea can you see and obviously you know now on us from our lesson that that is disabilities because they're entering the sea and they don't join again we can notice if she'd be some activity awareness that's happening in this area not very clear some places are cleared some things are happening here we're not sure maybe he's farming seems like trees we don't know forestry whatever it seems that things I have it just could be natural also but it's not clarity but it could use you could make assumptions on those things remember honest the resource is not very clear they the examiners expect you to to give answers that could be related that are related to that and are geographically correct so let's get going with the question paper first question what is a delta right it's one mark Lynas one mark please look at your mark allocations all right very very important in geography because what we found in this question let us vex plane in the formation of AIDS they were going through in detail for about five or six lines but what did the the question what you just want to tell you what is a data so action words are very very poor just tell us what is it doesn't talk about the formation so one mark all right remember definitions have to be a full also order to unlock that's the only cases now look at it it's a fan-shaped floovio land form that is formed by deposited material when the sister see okay right you give something alright in terms of it doesn't tell you now the energy of the river goes or whatever and it deposits it doesn't tell you about the distributaries that all deals with a food explanation this is maybe it's quite true for one month but that's how you expected to answer what is it three things fanch improve your land form all right deposited material which enters in the sea of course you may say if you do not write fan-shaped okay you look at the map it's a fool and form the form by the possible material went is the sea that's still fine but I'd like you to write fan chick lettuce because you don't want to create out is it correct is it not you must write it so that that Markham most properly disclose his eyes as a rule word a beautiful script you understand right what a beautiful script okay so let's go on give two pieces of information evident all right or evident from the photograph that support the statement that this is a data again I am emphasizing this learners make sure that it's given from the source okay you've studied their tux you know what polities Venice you know exactly how it forms what a features faulty so you can check clearly now let's go back here alright let's look at what we saw in this number one we saw the sand deposits okay right we saw the channels cutting through and then going into the sea this is tributaries all right it's growing into the ocean so we know that's it this to be Teddy's or tell you that this is not gonna continue again so this is information that is evident on the picture and that's what you need to give you can't give information that is not they was a question did not say that general information evident on the sketch photograph picture whatever right right sand deposits can be seen that's everything day the fan-shaped which I forgot about - yes it's dead as we showed you and the distributaries all right this is not Caracas is split into smaller streams near the mouth but also remember I gave you the full definition examiner's being nice yeah all right okay it splits me in the mouth but that's alright because just the reason it'll ask you for the explanation of the cemetery's it just says it's flimsy all right you can also say it splits and doesn't meet again comes into the sea alright that's it oh you just write the word distributaries and you find okay name feature labeled a already giving a little in from there and if we looked at the source again there we are we worked it out beforehand that that is a disturb you Jamie when we looked at it already so we got our answer alright let's go to the Hat it's a distributaries all right okay oh those little ones in a let's look at the next question briefly describe the formation of each thing you know already alright the river splits up into smaller of your head so smaller rivers I don't even have a problem and it moves to a gentle gradient okay as it moves into a gentle gradient Rama so it splits up and it moves around sand deposits okay that blocks it's fine so they are sand deposits and the river moves around it creating those little regulates or little channels I don't have a problem the word channels yet it cuts to okay that explains your answer to the to begin the distributaries you don't have to mention does it meet again in etc you don't have to mention that as long as you've explained it alright let's go and I just maybe before I go can you see they wanted a full explanation because it's one times two okay let us let's go forward what some coastline why are some coastlines not suitable for development of Delta's this person makes you think - why now in order to answer question like this possess a bit higher order unique you look at what makes a goethe possible the formation of a delta possible we spoke about flag terrain all right and there has to be deposition of sediments can you see I'm thinking now there has to be deposition of sediments therefore these rivulets canals can be created that move between them if there is no deposition what's what's gonna happen you won't get something like this happening so it has to be flat so one of the things we look at if it's not flat am i right you going to get that has not for me okay because then what would still move at a pace you won't get sand islands for me alright what else can cause it that can wash away the sand islands alright big tidal waves if they happen more regularly alright strong ocean currents okay be sink wash away the sand islands and the sand islands is washed away you're never gonna get it out I'm you're never gonna get these just duplicators see I'm thinkin out and this is a sort of thinking that we want you to get yourself involved in in geography because geography again is never it's about taking information and analyzing it and then going on and answering your higher order questions so let's for goodness that'ss it's 1 times 2 so obviously it's a full explanation the seabed next to the coastline is too steep or deep so that's what happened there'll be more energy and the deposits will be washed away can you see how we think in now it's washed away all right let's look at something else some coastlines have big tidal range that means they're more taients occurring over a period of time which does not allow the material to accumulate all right big times so it washes away the material all the time all right some coastlines have strong motion currents which do not allow material to accumulate it easily removes the material and they somehow should be given or the examples give all the options all right but that's but how would I know all this Chinese customs we think unlisting will be 2 times 2 4 you understand so in this case even if you've got the first one correct you could be there okay of course other thinking out of the box whistles can be 8 marks but you have a better insight there'll be little more offered to you if you have to give 4 different facts for 8 marks so you do not get too scared about this but you could still work it out even if it was for 6 months okay let's go on last one write a paragraph approximately six eight lines right um six six one eight lines approximately learners I know I've said designed the time that I'll say it again all right approximately gives you a guideline when you write to smaller not too small it when it's party cannot be seen it may come less as long as you're answered four points free okay all you write bigger then it can be seen by remote sensing okay then you may take a more lines okay so it's approximately please do not focus and try to cram your work into a trance if you're right beat so approximately clients explain why Donatas ideal for farming there's some emphasis yeah it's not just explained - it's not just explained it is explained why okay explain why that's the point all right Delta's ideal for farming so two things explain why and the word datas is ideal and there's a specific thing about farming okay so specifics we have to focus on that all right so let's look at this regular deposition of silt make soil fertile useful for farming have the answer it it's plain why is deposits such fertile because it's further it's useful for farming and we emphasize on the farm until you see what will be explained why and the factor of farming okay this access to water which is suitable for farming I would have I would say when you writing your responses you must give a little more or and this is a Marcus memo access to water suitable for finding for irrigation can you see you make it full - you may get this correct all right but I'd like you to write a ticket can you see a little longer so that you know you've got all your points in explain why I etcetera all right water is available for fishing or fish farming more fish farming you say aquaculture etc that you can get lead your fish in the area and water is needed a that explains itself Delta's extend the coastline all right and make more land available for farming true all right because as kind of a ghost they are sand deposits and maybe Santa Paws is going into the borders of the ocean so what is Italy it's making more land available okay for people to farm okay can you see it suitable for crop rice farming because crops rice needs a lot of water to grow so if that air is full of water like parts of the Ganges Delta etc then you can plant your ice and you plant rice in patties which have water and it grows well okay so can you see it's thinking out of the box here alright it's looking at what the director has and once you know what the director has the usage of this becomes easier in terms of looking at questions like this let's look at this fairly flat it's suitable for machinery which is true you can use machinery on that and don't get misled by the time buying the beaches so these pictures are taken from a bum and I told you that I can be more than a thousand kilo which is white so these sand deposits are huge okay right let me talk about flatland ideal to construct transport routes for distributing products so transportation of goods all right that can be done easily in the area all right again it says distributing of produce things that have been produced in Syria if you want to make sure that you have the correct answer produced by funny you understand so each time you add alright the word funny to make $100 hey I'm not gonna lose any marks here then examiner's will be or that mark is gonna be very proud of me they want to meet me one day shake my hand they'll send these matches are so good okay even here can you see you would put it the land is very flat suitable for machinery used in farming all right can you see example harvester but you have to go so much detail but you make sure your answers are they all right it takes few seconds more to put in another answer of course in cases like this it's 4 times - all right a box which tells you four points fully explained for 8 marks once again I'm emphasizing watch out learners explain why data farming idea it's not just explain explaining why ok so what have you picked up in this all right we picked up in this is that we need to be careful about the action once very careful all right so that we know exactly what the question once which analyze is its describe its various issues that you give the proper answer you know in many cases learners we do find that let us come out and say we smash that paper and the answers but when they come back the answers were vague and vague answers get no marks correct they give me no marks unfortunately in geography it's either 0 or - okay 0 or 1 in terms of definitions also so make sure your hands size is proper to the question ok I am emphasizing a lot on this because this is one of the major areas that markers experience and feel so safe for people but these are the rules and regulations and if you fake it does not answer the question even if it's some people say in inverted commas partly right partly right no I'm sorry it's not things show on hand partly right is definitely not so we need to be careful on that ok I hope I went a little longer because I wanted to emphasize this again I've seen of questions will now cover the flu veer processes and remember again learners application of it don't just learn how things learning how things get you partly on the path but a very short distance if you want to go to the full path it's a plant applying it and we pass papers I do shoe Wow alright until our next lesson stay safe and all the best [Music]