hi in this video we'll talk about prostaglandins now what comes in your mind when you hear the term prostaglandin you're right you're thinking about prostate gland right some kind of secretion which is coming from the prostate gland and you're right prostaglandin was earlier thought to be as an hormone which was secreted from the prostate gland and itself prostaglandin was first isolated from the prostate gland secretion and hence it is named as prostaglandin one Swedish scientist who Vaughn Euler got Nobel Prize in 1970s for discovery of prostaglandins now the prostaglandins though it was discovered from the prostate gland now it is known that prostaglandin is literally present in all kind of tissues like bone tissue nerve cells muscle cells and even the reproductive tissues like testes prostaglandin is actually derived from a fatty acid known as arachidonic acid which is a 20 carbon fatty acid now let's look at the bio synthesis of prostaglandins in a bit more details first we should ask that at a cellular level where are the prostaglandins produced and where the prostaglandins stored now let me tell you prostaglandins are very unstable compounds and their half-life is around 30 seconds so they are produced perform their work and they are degraded now the prostaglandins has very high turnover rate now question is in a cellular format where does the prostaglandin is produced or the biosynthesis of prostaglandin is taking place prostaglandins synthesis takes place from the membrane phospholipids now in the membrane phospholipids if it is cleaved by phospholipase a2 it would release the precursor for prostaglandin synthesis which is arachidonic acid now from the diatonic acid in sequential enzymatic steps prostaglandins would be produced so this is the crucial step whenever it is required to be synthesized phospholipase a2 releases arachidonic acid from the membrane phospholipids and thereby possible ends in this can take place now the key enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis pathway is process planning H synthesis process joining h synthase has two kind of activities one is cyclooxygenase activity about which we would learn shortly and peroxidase activity so the first step of prostaglandin production is production of PGG 2 so ironic acid with the help of the cyclogenesis activity of the prostaglandin h synthesis incorporates two oxygen molecules in the she doing acid backbone and that's the first step after that PGG 2 with the help of peroxidase activity of prostaglandin h synthase gets converted to process planning now PGG 2 is reduced to the corresponding alcohol which is P gh 2 and this is done by peroxidase activity of prostaglandin h-scene tha's so prostaglandin each sentence is a key molecule in the biosynthesis pathway of prostaglandin now this process is a bit more detailed and bit more complicated so from prostaglandin h2 with several enzymes there could be several variety of prostaglandin synthesis could be synthesized for example PGI synthetase give rise to first prostaglandin in i 2 whereas PGD synthase give rise to prostaglandin in d2 and says from boxing synthase give rise to it from box and a 2 and all these prostaglandin has different functions which we would be discussing soon now we should since we have learned about the prostaglandin biosynthesis we should also understand that how prostaglandin production is regulated at a molecular and cellular level now we remember that prostaglandin the key raw material for prostaglandin production is an ironic acid which is derived from the cell membrane now and it is triggered by a enzyme which is phospholipase a2 not forcefully by modulating phospholipase a2 activity the prostaglandins production can be regulated right it turns out epinephrine Dramamine angiotensin ii braddock I mean vasopressin all positively regulate phospholipase a2 and thus leads to production of prostaglandin whereas steroids kind of inhibit phosphor I poster blending a tube activity and thereby the phospholipase a2 activity and thereby prevent production of prostaglandins now we also remember there is another important enzyme in the prostaglandin synthesis pathway which is prostaglandin 8 synthase its activity is triggered by catecholamines whereas it is inhibited by compounds like methyl salicylate and many other similar compounds like aspirin etc as far as the mechanism of action is concerned prostaglandins are found to be working in a g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway and often prostaglandins stimulation leads to increase in cyclic GMP and protein kinase a activation followed by several nuclear changes in terms of gene expression several prostaglandins has several effects on different levels for example prostaglandin I two leads to vascular dilation whereas from boxin which is secreted or which is prevent length will be present in the trauma sites or the platelets they induce vasoconstriction so these two prostaglandins has different and opposing functions now prostaglandin I to R which is commonly known as process light cycling prevents splited aggregation whereas thromboxane promotes platelet aggregation so we can see several prostaglandin type could have different and opposing functions and which are both important in terms of physiology pgf to on other hand stimulates uterine muscle contraction and due to its property like this it is sometimes used to terminate pregnancy now PG e and PG f has opposing role in terms of bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation PG NF lead to bronchial smooth muscle contraction whereas PG e leads to dilation of the bronchioles pge2 and PG d to increase the capillary permeability enabling neutrophil and other immune cells to be extracted from the particular blood capillary to the nearby tissue and it is it has also implication in terms of inflammation so pge2 and PG d to are inflammatory are involved in inflammatory responses now overall all the prostaglandins prevent or decrease the gastric secretions and increase intestinal mobility so these are overall functions of prostaglandins so this video summarize the prostaglandins structure where it was discovered its function how it works and how the production of the prostaglandin could be regulated by our endocrine system so this was a short overview and introductory video about prostaglandins I hope you enjoyed this video if you liked this video give it a thumbs up don't forget to Like share and subscribe thank you and do let me know in the comments section that how you like my videos and give me some suggestions