the following content is provided under a Creative Commons license your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free to make a donation or view additional materials from hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu intelligence it's one of these problems that mankind has been busy with it for the last two thousand years or so but fifty years ago or so there was the start of artificial intelligence was a conference in that mouth sixty two also with people like John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky who coined the term artificial intelligence and at that time you know progress was made progress has been made especially in the last twenty years or go through it but but they relied really only on computer science and common sense and in the meantime there are all these other disciplines which have made a lot of progress and are very likely to play a key role in the search for answers to the problem of intelligence so those obvious that we needed different expertise is not all in computer science but in other ones and so this was the people that we put together from different labs from neuroscience from computer science from cognitive science and from a number of institutions in the u.s. especially a mighty and Harvard let me tell you a bit more about the background here this idea of merging brain research and computer science in the quest to understand intelligence part of the reason for this was progress and convergence we saw between different disciplines and one of them it was progress in AI and this started really with deep blue I guess was called at the time the Machine IBM that managed to beat Kasparov a chess for the World Championship and then of course there was Watson beating champions and jeopardy and things like drones able to land on aircraft carriers that's the most difficult thing for a pilot to do and and in the meantime things that continue to go pretty fast this was the cover of nature probably eight months ago so deepmind which is one of our industrial partners in the center has developed an artificial intelligence called deep hue I think that learn to play better than humans 49 classical Atari games by itself and and this was 2 or 3 months ago a cover of a nature supplement on artificial intelligence and machine learning a system by mobile I and all that this is an old video that gives vision to cards there is a camera looking outside and is able to break and accelerate when needed you there have been the there are there would be a lot of significant advances in AI think it's a golden age for intelligent applications you know if people want to make a lot of money with useful things that's the time but this is kind of engineering interesting one but engineering we are still very far from understanding how people can answer questions about images this is one of the main focus in the center really how does your brain answer simple questions about this image about what is there then what is this with this person what is she doing what is she thinking please tell me a story about this what's going on in issue and so and we would like to know to have a system that does that but also to know how our brain does it right so that that's the science part it's not enough to have it's not enough to pass the Turing test in this case to have a system does it we want to have a system does it how in the same way as our brain does it and we want to compare you know what your model your power system with measurements on the brain of people or monkeys so during the same task so so that's what we call Turing plus plus questions and part of the rationale about it is this is kind of a more philosophical discussion I personally think that it's very difficult to have a definition of intelligence in general there are many different forms of intelligence what we can ask his questions about what is human intelligence because we can study that right you know he is I don't know the ENIAC computers in the 50 more or less intelligent than a person you know we can do things a person cannot do and so there are certain things ants or bees do are pretty amazing is this intelligence yeah in a certain sense is but so I think in terms of a well-defined question the real question is about human intelligence and so and so that's what from the scientific part we are focused on and you'd like to to be able to answer how people do and understand images we start with vision we are not limited eventually to vision but in the first five years of the center that's the main focus answer question about images and we want to to understand how the answer are produced by our brain at the computational psychophysical and neural level it's ambitious and I think there are probably in terms of having all these different levels you know levels of really understanding from the wetware the neuroscience to the behavior we were not yet at the point in which we can answer all those kind of question at all these different levels but some we are one example is who is there it's essentially face recognition and this is a interesting problem because we know from work originally in the monkeys and then in with fMRI in humans shown here parts of the brains of cortex which are involved in face recognition in face perception and then it's possible to identify homologue regions in the monkey and the record from from the different patches in the monkeys each one probably around 100 thousand neurons maybe 200,000 or so and look at their properties when the monkeys is looking at face and make models of what's going on and of course we want these models to to respect the neural data ideally the fMRI data and do the job of recognizing faces as well as human do so we are getting there I'm not saying we have the answer but we have at least models that can be tested at all these different different levels so that's kind of the ideal situation from the point of view what we want to do in the center now as I said not all problems are maturities in this this level there are certain like telling a story we don't know exactly we cannot record yet from neurons in the monkey when the monkeys telling a story because the monkey has not been able to tell a story right and so so there are there are other questions that are not as advanced as as this one but other type of studies can be done on them should be done and this is one of what we will hear about you