Pulmonary Embolism (PE) Lecture Notes

Introduction

• Presenter: Christine from Nurse in the Making
• Topic: Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
• Reference: Med Surg Flash Cards, Cardiovascular Section

What is a Pulmonary Embolism (PE)?

• PE stands for Pulmonary Embolism.
• Falls under VTE (Venous Thromboembolism) umbrella.
• Includes clots in any body vessel, such as:
  • DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis)
  • PE (Pulmonary Embolism)
• A DVT can dislodge and travel to the lungs, causing a PE.

Causes of PE

• Blockage in pulmonary vessels disrupts gas exchange.
• Types of Emboli:
  • Clots
  • Air bubbles from:
    • Syringe injection
    • Rapid ascent during deep-sea diving
    • Trauma
  • Fat deposits (rare)

Risk Factors for PE

• Existing DVT: High risk if clot dislodges.
• Others:
  • Trauma or surgery
  • Hypercoagulable states (e.g., pregnancy, oral contraceptive use)
  • Immobility (e.g., bed rest)
  • Blood clots are the most common cause.

Diagnosing PE

• Similar to diagnosing DVT.
• Tests:
  • D-Dimer Lab Test: Elevated levels (>0.5) indicate clot presence.
  • CT Scan & Chest X-ray: Visualize lungs to locate clots.

Symptoms of PE

• Shortness of breath and rapid breathing.
• Increased heart rate.
• Decreased oxygen saturation.
• Chest pain.
• Feelings of anxiety, restlessness, or impending doom.

Treatment of PE

• Immediate treatment upon diagnosis:
  • Heparin (IV drip): Prevents clot growth and new formation.
    • High alert medication requiring double nurse verification.
  • Thrombolytics: Help dissolve the clot.
  • Surgery (embolectomy): Removal of the clot if necessary.

Prevention of PE

• Non-pharmacological measures:
  • TED stockings & compression devices: Promote blood flow.
  • Leg exercises & early ambulation: Especially post-op.
  • Long travel precautions: Stand, walk, or do leg exercises.
  • Smoking cessation: Protects vascular system.
• Anticoagulant therapy: Educate about medications like heparin, warfarin, Lovenox.

Key Differences in Treatment vs. Prevention

• Prevention:
  • Encourage mobility and exercises.
• Treatment:
  • Bed rest: Prevent clot migration.
  • Avoid massage, heat, or any activity that may displace the clot.

Conclusion

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• Objective: Help students pass nursing school.

Happy studying, future nurses!