The Toulmin Method for Analyzing Arguments

Overview

• Developed by philosopher Stephen Toulmin
• Analyzes arguments by understanding the basis of agreement or disagreement
• Allows for a detailed examination of argumentative strategies

Definition

• Moves beyond gut-level responses
• Involves analyzing the 'how' and 'why' of an argument
• Breaks down an argument into parts such as claim, reasons, and evidence

Why Use the Toulmin Method?

• Provides detailed analysis by breaking arguments into parts
• Evaluates effectiveness of claim, reasons, and evidence
• Limited by its focus on logical analysis
• Not always applicable to non-linear arguments or those outside Western rhetoric

Parts of an Argument

The Claim

• The most general statement of an argument
• Acts as the 'umbrella' for all other parts
• Includes qualifiers and exceptions
  • Qualifiers: Words like "some," "many"
  • Exceptions: Specific situations where the claim doesn't apply

The Reasons

• Justifications for believing a claim
• Must be relevant and effective
• Invoke a value or belief that aligns with the claim

The Evidence

• Supports reasons with facts, examples, statistics
• Must be sufficient, credible, and accurate

Anticipated Objections and Rebuttal

• Analyzes potential objections to reasons
• Includes refutations/rebuttals

Analyzing an Example Argument

• Example: Argument on landscaping practices in Fort Collins
• Claim: Needs to rethink landscaping due to arid climate and excessive resource use
• Reasons: Harmful chemicals, high cost, unnecessary maintenance
• Evidence: Statistics, expert testimony, personal observations
• Objections & Rebuttals: Availability of alternative grasses, cost of switching

Drawing Conclusions from Toulmin Analysis

• Collect results into a coherent statement
• Overall effectiveness based on analysis of claim, reasons, evidence

Example Worksheet

• Practice using the Toulmin Method with a structured worksheet

Conclusion

• Toulmin Method provides a structured way to dissect and evaluate arguments
• Enables crafting of a well-supported argument or response

Citation: Nesbitt, Laurel. (2001). Using the Toulmin Method. Writing@CSU. Colorado State University. https://writing.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm?guideid=58