Good day to our young philosophers. So, for today, let us discuss our first lesson and that is, What is Philosophy? So, before we start, I have here the following question. How are you doing this pandemic?
Or, have you asked yourself, Why am I feeling this way? Or, how can I overcome this particular feeling? Or how it will affect my life and the people around me?
So for this particular question, we focus on the cause. Meaning, what is the reason why I am feeling this way? For this question, we focus on the process.
How can I overcome it? What would be the possible ways in which I would be able to overcome what I am feeling right now? Say for example, if I am feeling down, because of this pandemic what would be the possible ways can i do in order to overcome that negative feeling that i experience and the third is the next question how will it affect my life and the people around me focuses on the consequence what would be the possible scenario if you've done for example that particular action so those three questions focuses on cause process and consequence. So later on, we will discuss that those questions will lead to the study of philosophy. Okay.
Philosophy is our subject matter for this course. It's really all about questions and answers. Like for example, bakit kaya may pandemya pa rin hanggang ngayon? Bakit kaya may mayaman at may mahirap?
Bakit kaya hindi napaparusahan yung mga dapat parusahan? Or bakit kaya mas nagsasuffer yung sinong mas mabuting tao? So it's really all about questions and answers. And since by now, you already asked and answered hundreds of questions, your life experience already prepared you to take our philosophical journey starting now at this semester. So before we start with our discussion, If ever, have you ever experienced being at loss?
Naranasan nyo na bang maligaw? Okay. Ngayon, kapag naligaw kayo, ito yung usual na tanong ninyo sa sarili ninyo.
Where am I? Nasaan na ako ngayon? Second, how do I know it? Paano ko nalaman na ako ay naliligaw?
Paano ko nalaman na nandito ako sa lugar na ito? And the third question is, how should I do? Ano ang gagawin ko ngayon na ako ay naligaw?
Ako ba'y titingin halimbawa sa map ng cellphone ko? Titingin ba ako sa Google Map? Magtatanong-tanong ba ako sa mga taong makasalubong ko?
Or maglalakad ako at sa sarilihinin ko, ako mismo ang magahanap ng kasagutan sa tanong ko kung paano ko mahanap yung daan pabalik since ako'y nawawala. So remember, these three questions lead to the important concept of philosophy. Where am I?
How do I know it? What should I do? We will discuss these three questions later on for our discussion today. So, these three questions are the primary questions of philosophy. Diba?
Usually, yan yung mga simpleng tanong, pero somehow mahirap sagutin. Okay? So, itong tatlong tanong ito, ang tatlong pangunahing katanungan or questions when it comes to philosophy. Let us discuss the nature and functions of philosophy.
So, as what we have discussed, Earlier, okay, during your class orientation, philosophy is a combination of two Greek words which are philo and sophia. The word philo means love while sophia means wisdom. So it means love of knowledge, pursuit of wisdom. It is a systematic investigation. So therefore, when we say systematic investigation, we need to follow scientific process.
We need to follow a particular procedure before jumping into a particular conclusion. Hindi tayo basta-basta nagde-decide. o gumagawa ng conclusion na wala naman tayong ginagawang hakbang sa pag-claim o pagkalap ng mga evidences or ebidensya.
So for philosophy, we use human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which govern all things. Sa philosophy, kailangan lahat ng bagay mayroong dahilan. At para mapaliwanag yun, We need to use human reason. We need to be reasonable.
So therefore, in a nutshell, philosophy is considered as the mother of all sciences. Siya ang ina ng lahat ng mga agham. Whether history, psychology, lahat yan, mathematics, lahat yan, naka-ankor o naka-ankla sa philosophy.
Philosophy is a way of life. Gabayin natin ito sa pang-araw-araw nating buhay. See, for example, if your motto in life is time is gold, so therefore, that is your philosophy in life. You give utmost importance to time.
Kailangan hindi sinasayang oras mo. So therefore, philosophy is considered as a way of life. It is also a science because we need to conduct a step-by-step process before we conduct or before we reach a particular conclusion. And again, Philosophy is a persistent quest for knowledge and truth. When you say persistent, talagang patuloy na paghanap para sa karunungan.
Now, let us discuss what is the origin of philosophy. Saan nga nagsimula ang philosophy? It all started in Greece. Okay, so this is Greece. Greece is considered as the birthplace of philosophy in the West.
Thales here is considered as the father of philosophy in the Western civilization. Thales was the first individual who tried to reduce the multiplicity into a unity. He believed that everything is related to each other. Ang lahat ng bagay magkakaugnay.
Ang lahat ng bagay merong connection. So pag halimbawang may isang bagay na halimbawang pinakailaman mo, magkakaroon siya ng epekto sa ibang tao, sa ibang bagay. Kasi nga, nanginiwala siya that everything is connected to one another. Niniwala ba kayo doon?
Everything is connected to one another? Okay. Now, Thales also approach highlights, it highlights also the difference between religion and philosophy. Religion rests on faith, pananampalataya o paniniwala, while philosophy rests on reason. Now, Thales also discussed what we call as philosophical activity.
Now, philosophical activity is characterized by three things. And what are those? First, philosophy involves the widest generalizations. Second, philosophy is all about fundamentals. Now, when we say fundamentals, it is the root cause that explains almost everything in a given context.
So, para maunawaan ninyo, class, Para siyang foundation sa building na ito. Kung baga, hindi tatayo yung mga up, yung mga nasa mga taas na mga bahagi o palapag ng building kapag hindi matatag o matibay ang kanyang structure, yung kanyang pinaka-fundamental, yung pinaka-root. Okay? So, ganoon ng philosophy. Kung baga, lahat ng mga bagay o lahat ng mga pinag-aaralan, lahat yan naka-anchor o naka-ankla sa philosophy.
Okay po? Next! Philosophy is driven by the desire to integrate things into a one coherent whole. So, kailangan buo, kailangan holistic kabuan.
Now, let us discuss the branches of philosophy. Now, philosophy is divided into two major branches. The first one is what we call the cognitive branches.
For cognitive branches, it... It provides description of being and knowing. We say being, pagiging ikaw, at knowing, kaalaman, from the word know. So for cognitive branches, we have the following branches. We have metaphysics, logic, and epistemology.
We will discuss that later. Now, the second major branch is normative branches. When we say normative branches, it concerns with the standard of the good.
From the word norm, normal, ano nga ba yung pamantayan ng mabuti? Ano nga ba yung pamantayan ng tama? So, under normative branches, we have three branches of philosophy. We have ethics, politics, and aesthetics.
Now, let's go back to the first, one of the first few slides that we have discussed earlier. Okay? Remember, we have three important questions in philosophy.
Where am I? How do I know it? What should I do? Now, to answer where am I, we have here metaphysics. Metaphysics deals with the questions regarding reality and existence.
When we say... Meta, meta here means beyond. So medyo malalim siya kung ano ba ang essence ng buhay ko.
Bakit ba ako namubuhay sa mundong ito? So metaphysics yan. Second, to answer the second question, how do I know it?
We have two branches. The first one is epistemology. It is the study of the nature and means of human knowledge. And we have here logic.
Logic is the science and art of correct thinking and reasoning. So hopefully, bago matapos tong sem na to, lahat tayo who would be able to develop your logical thinking. Nag-iisip tayo. Diba?
So what I have mentioned during the class orientation, hindi tayo basta-basta magpapaniwala. Kailangan i-verify natin kung accurate ba yung mga nalalaman natin mga balita. Like for example, social media. Social media, napakadami ng mga fakes. Even sa YouTube.
So, kailangan, alam natin kung verified ba talaga yun? Is it logical? So, yun po yun. And of course, for our third question, what should I do? Okay, so we have here three branches of philosophy.
Ethics or morality. Ethics or morality deals with human actions, whether good or bad. Right or wrong? Acceptable or unacceptable?
Justifiable or unjustifiable? So ano yung mga pilag-aaralan sa ethics? Ano ba yung mga bagay na tama?
Like for example, white lies. Alam nyo ba yung white lies class? Tama. Ito yung magsisinungaling ka dahil meron kang magandang dahilan.
So kapag ba white lies, tama ba yun? For example, Mayroon ka halimbawa, nagawa halimbawa, may nabasag ka halimbawa gamit sa bahay, ayaw mo paglitan halimbawa ang iyong kapatid na siya ang nakabasag, so magtatakpan mo siya, it is considered as a white lies. So sa ethics or morality, is it considered acceptable or unacceptable? Or example pa ng ethics, are you familiar with euthanasia?
Euthanasia or what we call the smurfs killing. Ito yung halimbawa, yung isang pasyente halimbawa ay lantang gulay na talaga. Ang tanging sumusuporta na lamang sa kanya ay ang life support system para siya ay patuloy na huminga at mabuhay. Pero in reality, parang wala na.
So ang iba, sa ibang bansa, ang ginagawa nila, kinatagal na yung life support system, pinatagal na yung life support system para matapos ng kanyang paghihirap. Kaya ang tawag doon, mercy killing. Kung baga, papatayin mo na lang siya. Katagal na yung life support system para matigil na yung kanyang paghihirap.
Papasok doon ng ethics. Ito ba'y tama? Ito ba'y mabuti?
So, yun yun. Next is aesthetics. Aesthetics deals with the nature of art and objective judgment of beauty.
Ano nga ba ang tunay na sukatan ng kagandahan? Diba? Ang maganda ba ay matangkad? Ang maganda ba dapat ay maputi or kayumanggi? Matangos ang ilong?
So, tayo kasi iba-iba yung pamantayan ng kagandahan. So, that is the main concern of what we call as aesthetics. The third is politics. Politics deals with the principles of social systems.
So, para hindi kayo malito, when we say ethics, tumutukoy siya sa morality. Ano nga ba ang tama at mali? Kapag aesthetics naman, anong ba yung batayan ng kagandahan?
Pag politics... Ano nga ba yung mga prinsip yung makapagpapabuti para sa ating lipunan? Ethics, Aesthetics, Politics. So again, just for a recap, we have two major branches of philosophy, Cognitive and Normative branches. For Cognitive, we have Metaphysics, Logic, Epistemology.
For Normative, we have Ethics, Politics, and Aesthetics. Now, for our subject, philosophy of the human person, it is an area in philosophy that understands the human person from a philosophical perspective. So, ang pinakapanguna yung focus dito ay pag-aaral sa nature ng human person. Okay, next. Ano ba yung gamit ng philosophy?
What are the practical uses of philosophy? So, first, for critical analysis, an interpretation of concepts. definitions, arguments, and problems.
So hopefully, after matapos ng semester na ito, magawang ma-develop sa atin o sa inyo ang critical analysis. Nag-iisip tayo. Second, it could improve problem solving and decision making. Hindi tayo basta-basta nag-iisip o gumagawa ng desisyon ng impulsive. Kailangan pinag-iisipan.
Makakatulong itong ma-improve ang ating decision making skills. Third, We develop clean and adequate articulation of ideas. Hopefully, mas madali nyo maipapahayag yung inyong mga nanaramdaman, yung mga ideas ninyo because of our subject. Number four, it would develop wisdom.
Wisdom in the sense na makakagawa, ma-apply natin yung ating karunungan sa mga tamang desisyon sa buhay natin. Sound choices and judgments. Lalo na kayo, team HR na kayo. What is your age?
16? 17, 18, dapat tamang disisyon na ginagawa nyo kasi nga hindi na kayo bumabata. Diyan makatulong ang philosophy.
Diba, makatulong upang makagawa kayo ng mga tama at pinag-isipang mga disisyon sa buhay. Number 5, this is for self-development. Diba, we're looking forward na ma-develop yung buong pagkataon ninyo. Para later on, makatulong yan para sa lipunan.
So, that's it for our lesson for today. So, remember class, according to Thales, considered as the founder of philosophy in the Western, time is the wisest of all things that are, for it brings everything to light. So, therefore, we should value our time. Use the time given to us wisely. So, good day, young philosophers!
Stay safe and see you again soon!