Separation of Solids from Liquids

Key Terminology

• Mixture: Combination of a liquid and an insoluble solid (e.g., sand in water).
• Solution: Combination of a liquid and a soluble solid (e.g., sodium chloride in water).
  • Solute: Substance that dissolves (e.g., sodium chloride).
  • Solvent: Substance in which the solute dissolves (e.g., water).

Techniques for Separation

Filtration

• Purpose: Separates insoluble solids from liquids.
• Process:
  • Similar to using a sieve in cooking.
  • Use filter paper with tiny holes to allow liquid through, but not solids.
  • Set up involves filter paper and a filter funnel for easy pouring.

Evaporation

• Use: Separates a soluble solid from a liquid.
• Process:
  • Place solution in an evaporating dish or crucible on a tripod.
  • Heat with a Bunsen burner.
  • Solvent evaporates, leaving concentrated solution.
  • Results in dry crystals of solid.
• Advantages: Quick and simple.
• Disadvantages: Some solids may undergo thermal decomposition.

Crystallization

• Use: For solids susceptible to thermal decomposition.
• Process:
  • Gently heat solution in an evaporation dish, often using a water bath.
  • Once crystals form, stop heating and let cool.
  • Crystals become more prominent as solution cools.
  • Filter out crystals and dry them.
• Advantages: Prevents decomposition of sensitive solids.

Conclusion

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