Focus on the development of European sea-based empires from 1450 to 1750.
Shift in global power from land-based to sea-based empires during this period.
European states, previously less significant, become dominant global powers.
Maritime Technologies
Key to European dominance was adopting maritime technologies from other cultures.
Magnetic Compass: Initially developed in China; essential for accurate navigation.
Astrolabe: Helped determine latitude and longitude by measuring stars; origins debated between Arabs or Greeks.
Lateen Sail: Triangular sail developed by Arab merchants; allowed for precise sailing.
Astronomical Charts: Detailed star maps primarily developed by Muslims, building on Greek astronomy.
Innovation Adoption
Europeans did not invent these technologies but adopted them.
Exposure came through merchant activity and trade routes (Unit 2 context).
Pax Mongolica facilitated the exchange of these technologies.
Shipbuilding Innovations
Portuguese Caravel:
Smaller, nimble ships suitable for shallow waters and inland rivers.
Equipped with cannons, making them effective fighting ships.
Portuguese Carrack:
Larger ships for more extensive trade; could carry more cargo and guns.
Enabled Portugal's dominance in Indian Ocean trade.
Dutch Fluyt:
Designed exclusively for trade with massive cargo holds.
Required smaller crew, cheaper to build, and facilitated Dutch dominance in the mid-17th century.
Conclusion
The lecture emphasizes the adoption and innovation of maritime technologies and shipbuilding by European states, leading to their dominance in global trade and power dynamics from 1450 to 1750.
Additional Resources
AP World Heimler Review Guide for more in-depth study and practice exams.