good day to all on behalf of sir aristotle vega this is kenneth frias and i will be discussing our lesson in science and our lesson for today is about genetics we'll be focusing on nucleic acids and the chromosome linked traits first let's know about nucleic acid what is nucleic acid so nucleic acid there are two general types the dna and the rna and you're already familiar that dna and rna they usually carry the genetic codes now nucleic acid is one of the four biomolecules the other three are the saccharides which make up the carbohydrates and then there is the fatty acids which make up the together with other types of molecules similar molecules they make up what we call the lipids and then there is the amino acids which make up the protein these four biomolecules are the basic molecules that make up the organisms or the life forms here on earth and one of them is the nucleic acid and as i mentioned a while ago nucleic acid generally contains the information for making protein and what is this information this information is in a form of genes and these genes are stored in your dna in in humans and basically all organisms it's stored in the dna but there are also some instances where it's stored in the rna like in the viruses now the basic structural structural unit for nucleic acid is called nucleotide and please take note when you say nucleotide aside from forming long chains of molecules in the form of dna or rna they also perform other functions like they could also serve as energy storage molecule in the form of atp and it's also known as adenosine triphosphate and nucleotide is also the one that forms what they call the electron carriers like the nad and fad the nad is nicotinamide adenine the nucleotide and fades flavin adenine the nucleotide so from the term itself there are also nucleotides so they all have similar structures the phosphate and then there is the sugar ripe sugar and usually a base in atp it's just that it has three phosphate and in some molecules like the nadine fad they are usually pairs of nucleotides and so they are like the relatives of the dna and rna because and they have the same building block the nucleotide now let's know more about the nucleotide so as i mentioned a while ago nucleotide is the building block or the other term for that is monomer when you say monomer it's the basic structural structural unit that when they form together they form larger units called uh dimers oligomers and polymers now for the nucleic acid nucleotide is the building block it's the monomer the the smallest structural unit of nucleic acid it has three basic components so number one there's what they call the nitrogenous base you're already familiar with the nitrogenous base it could be adenine symbol a right and then time in and then there's the guanine and the cytosine for the rna there's the uracil now you have to remember that this uh figure here which shows two rings these are called buildings these are the large larger nitrogenous base as compared to the ones here on the right they are called pyrimidines or pyrimidines they are the smaller ones so the purines are the adenine and guanine and then the [Music] pyrimidines are the thymine cytosine and for the rna it's uracil and you know that when it comes to base pairing the adenine is always paired to thai mean guanine is always paired to cytosine in the case of rna adenine could be paired to uracil so it's like that because as you can see they have uh different sizes so they need to the the pit the purines here this one should always be paired with pyrimidines so as it could fit inside the structure of the dna or the nucleic acid now the next part of the nucleic nucleotide is the pentose sugar it's called pentose sugar because basically it has uh five main carbons in it in a chain so one two three then the fourth one is here and the fifth one it's here this one here is not carbon it's oxygen okay so it's called pentose sugar and it's a part of the nucleotide and last there's the phosphate okay phosphate this phosphate is actually like more in inorganic phosphate and it has an as it's just like acidic property that's the reason why dna and rna are called nucleic acids it's because of this phosphate group now when we put them together these three a basic structure so this is the phosphate then it's connected to the pentose sugar and that penta sugar is connected to the nitrogenous base either adenine thymine guanine and cytosine for rna there's something called uracil and this one this structure is the nucleotide for dna and the structure below is the nucleic acid or sorry the nucleotide for rna what makes them different so you have to look at the second carbon so as you remember the counting one twos on the second carbon you'll notice that in the nucleotide of dna there is no oxygen here so it's called the oxy means it's it has no oxygen so this is what makes the nucleotide of the dna so this is what uh whether the dna is uh double stranded or single stranded you will see this chemical structure here that it has an absence of oxygen on carbon 2. on the other hand when you talk about the nucleotide structure of the rna on the second carbon here you notice there's a presence of oxygen and that's the reason why in this structure in the nucleotide of the dna this is called deoxyribose because there is no presence of oxygen and this one this is called the ribose so this is deoxyribose and then ribose the difference is that in in the nucleotide of the dna there's the oxyribose because there is no oxygen in the rna it contains ribose actually those are sugars right deoxyribose and ribose sugars in the rna there is the presence there is the ribose sugar with the presence of oxygen so it doesn't matter whether the dna is double strand or single strand the chemical structure is like this in the rna it doesn't matter if it's single strand or double strand in case of viruses the chemical structure remains like this though typically in references the typical structure of dna is double strand and the typical structure of rna is single strand but there are instances where in the dna could become single strand or the rna can become double strand so in order for you not to be confused you can refer to the chemical structure the absence of oxygen deoxy pertains to dna so it's called deoxyribose the sugar there is deoxyribose in the rna there's presence of oxygen here which makes the sugar here ribose sugar hence the name deoxyribonucleic acid for dna and ribonucleic acid for rna so that is the basic nucleotide structure now when when these nucleotides form uh polymers or interconnected monomers interconnected structures so it's called assembly of dna it's called polymerization these nucleotides connect with each other and you have to remember the direction when nucleotides form for one nucleotide connects to another nucleotide it's always in five prime to three prime direction so remember that is the way and how they connect so this symbol here symbolizes prime okay so it's not one it's a prime so as you remember the counting so one two three four five and they assemble in a way or they polymerize in a process polymerization they assemble from the direction of five to three prime so this is five going to three therefore it goes downward or it's also known as downstream so in this uh orientation the nucleotide so this is the first nucleotide it's connected to another nucleotide to this one in this direction going downward so this is the second nucleotide and then there's the third nucleotide and it continues as you notice it has a pair and remember these two rings these are purines and then the one ring uh nitrogenous base is called perimeters they are held together by hydrogen bonds it could be triple hydrogen bond or two hydrogen bonds so these hydrogen bonds are very strong but they can be separated now on the other side since we're talking about dna since dna is typically double stranded on the other side the direction of assembly is opposite as you notice this is the 5 prime going to 3 prime because if you look at the structure this is one two three four and five and since the direction is five prime to three prime direction it's going upward from this orientation so it's upstream so basically it starts here the first nucleotide and then another nucleotide attaches here and then the third one attaches here so the point here is they assemble in opposite direction from this side it goes downstream following the 5 prime to three prime direction and on the right side it goes the opposite but still five prime to three prime direction and the base pairs are connected with hydrogen ones and this is one of the reason why the dna's structure is like a twisted ladder also called the double helix as you can see here in the animation it's because of this opposite direction of forming and then the combination of the purine and pyrimidine naturally the dna structure when they connect they automatically twist it's because of their the geometry it's more in the geometry so as you can see here once they have undergone nautical connection polymerization in opposite direction they naturally twist so as to compensate with the with the nitrogenous base inside one large which is the purine and one small which is the pyrimidine plus the fact that they assemble in opposite direction therefore the effect or the result is that it naturally go twists it's like a twisted ladder and this adds uh this adds to the additional protection it adds to the protection of the genetic codes inside okay next let's talk about the coiling stages or the packaging of the dna or let's say starting from the basic uh genetic molecule from the genes to dna up to the largest structure called the chromosome so it all starts with the dna so we know the dna this one it's the dna which is double helix then it binds or it binds to the protein structures called histone as you can see here it's called the nucleosome so it coils around this uh histones this one so these are the histones and then they uh once again coil which will eventually form the next structure chromatin okay this is the chromatin by the way uh nucleosome this is the nucleosome a nucleosome is a combination of dna plastic stone so this is an example of nucleosome the one that's wrapped around is the dna and this uh blue structure is called the histone so his tone plus the uh tangled or wrapped dna around it is called nucleosome and that nucleosome further coils which forms what they call the chromatin and chromatin is usually present during the interface stage of the cell cycle so that is the common structure seen when when you see a cell and it's not yet dividing it's usually in the form of chromatin but once the cell starts to replicate its dna and it starts to divide then it will again coil further as you can see here into a larger structure called the chromosome and this process of coiling into so into chromosome is called super coiling so the action of the dna is just it coils around the protein structure called histone and then it further coils to form what we call the chromatin and then eventually into chromosome which makes the genetic material more organized before they separate and chromosome is present during the cell division stage in mitosis or meiosis of a cell so you're already familiar with the chromosome it's usually x-shaped or double rad but their chromosome could also be the shape single rod and this chromosome just contains a supercoiled dna next so let's go for the basic chromosome structure so as i mentioned a while ago the uh most common or the more common type of chromosome that you encounter is the x-shape or also known as the double rod but there's also what they call the single red chromosome what's the difference uh usually the double red chromosome as you can see here it uh it contains the the uh the after the dna replication it forms into a chromosome so it contains the replicated dna so you call this chromatid so this side here is a chromatid and then the pair here is also chromatid and they are identical because they have undergone dna replication therefore they are called sister chromatids they are attached here somewhere here it's a place or a region called centromere so remember centromere it's like the the one that connects these two sister chromatids and there is a protein there where the spindle fiber attaches during the metaphase and then the lfa stage it's called the kinetochore so centromere is a place kinetochore is the actual protein here where the spindle fiber attaches now the ends of the chromosome is called telomere okay so this is like the anatomy of the chromosome now if there is if they witness the chromosome you notice that it's like the arm there is a shorter arm and there's the longer arm the shorter arm is called the p arm and the longer arm is the qr to remember that okay so this is the double red chromosome it's double rod because it contains two identical chromatids due to the after what they call dna replication so each chromatid is identical so the sister chromatids are actually identical to each other and this is present or very very obvious when you look at it in the in the microscope it's visible during the metaphase stage [Music] of the cell division cycle now when the this uh two sister chromatids start to separate during the anaphase stage that's where you see the single rod chromosome so this single red chromosome contains a single chromatin the other chromatid goes to the other cell and then the other chromatid goes to the other cell but still it has what you call the centromere and then the kinetochore will where the spindle fiber is attached so double red chromosome and single red chromosomes are both chromosomes it's only that in the double red chromosome or the x-shaped chromosome the identical dna that is the result of the dna replication are still attached to each other and it's present in the metaphase stage metaphase while the single rod is present on the anaphase stage so don't be surprised if you see in some books the chromosome is shaped like capital letter i it's still a chromosome it's just single red it so happens that the sister chromatid sister chromatids separate from each other next so these are the basic forms of chromosome based on the location of the centromere now if the centromere appears to be equally uh the the length of the arms as you notice here they're about the same in the centromeres about in the center it's called metacentric now if the uh one arm is slightly shorter than the other arm as it appears that the centromere is uh more on the [Music] going to the [Music] other side it's called sub message sub metacentric now if there is a very significant difference in length as you can see that the centromere here is almost at the top of the chromosome it's called acrocentric and last but not least if the centromere is at the terminal top of the chromosome it's telecentric so these are the basic forms of chromosomes and you will this is very important because you encounter this when we go to stereotyping so as you can see this is a figure of the human chromosomes so the humans for your information we have 46 chromosomes it's also it could also be in pairs so if we translate it in pairs we have 23 pairs of chromosomes there's a numbering here so from 1 so this is 22 and this is the 23rd pair okay so so the 23rd pair this is the 45th and this is the 46 chromosome and this is called the human karyotype so karyotype just shows you the illustration of the chromosome actually they took they took picture of it while the cell is dividing and as you notice this figure or this is this karyotype shows double red chromosomes so probably this was photographed or taken the picture was taken when this stage of the cell cycle is in it in its somehow more or less in the metaphase stage so the sister chromatids are not yet separating but still the count is the same 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes and usually this karyotype is arranged from when it comes to size from the largest to the smallest and as you notice here on the uh last pair the 45 and the 46 the chromosome 45 in chromosome 46 the x chromosome is significantly larger than the y chromosome by the way the 23rd chromosome is also known as the sex chromosome so this is also known as the sex chromosome okay while the first 22 pairs they're also known as body chromosomes or also known as autosomes please take note of that so this means that all of the genes from pairs 1 up to 22 are all the genes that are has something to do with the structure of your body and then when it comes to sex related genes it's more on this one the last pair now another picture so you notice this is also human karyotype also has 23 pairs and the last is the x and y chromosome and you notice that this time it's single rod it's because probably it's taken during the anaphase stage but it's still the same the first 22 are the body chromosomes for the autosomes and the last is the sex chromosome now since you're already familiar with the chromosome how it looks like and the cardiotype let's go to the chromosome linked traits so from the term so these are the traits that are from the word link that has something to do with the location of the genes in the chromosome so the location affects the traits so first there's what we call the sex limited rates what is that then the sex influence traits and the sex linked straights at first this appears a little confusing but once we continue you will realize that there is this very significant and obvious different obvious difference between uh these different types of chromosome linked traits so first of all you need to remember that these are linked depending on where is it located or what chromosome number it is located first let's look at sex limited traits so when you when you talk about sex limited traits first thing that you need to remember that these traits that means the the the traits the genes of these traits are located only from pairs number one up to 22 remember that when you talk about sex limited traits it's only from pairs 1 to 22 that means you're talking about the gene that is located from number one up to the 22nd pair or you can say from the chromosome 1 until chromosome 44 okay so it depends on how you say it by pair or by chromosome number so that's a sex limited traits but how do you know aside from its look the gene is located between pairs just within the pairs 1 to 22. how do you know if it's sex limited it's sex limited first i already mentioned it if the genes are located in the autosomal chromosome or the body chromosome pairs 1-22 and from the word limited it's only limited to one gender so that means this type of trait you can only observe on one trait maybe on male or maybe on female so the example there usually in mammals is lactation meal production so normally this is only observed in female okay as an example so as uh this example is divided on the left group and the right group group if you look at the left group this is these are females remember females the chromosome are the uh chromosome pair is x and x okay when it comes to male the type of chromosome in this x chromosome is x and y okay so you have to remember that female homozygous and then so you can see in the male x and one y so you just have to remember uh men cannot live without women something like that so a man has x chromosome while women only has pure x chromosome so in this case in the left group you notice that all of them are females now when you talk about the trait of lactation or the characteristic of lactation it has a dominant and recessive allele the dominant allele is denoted by capital l denotes that the organism is able to produce milk and then the recessive allele small l is the organism is not able to produce milk so in this first scenario it's female and it's lactating because it has two dominant allele for milk production next female still lactating or producing milk although it's heterozygous as you can see here although it contains recessive it still has the dominant allele the capital l indicates and last it's still female but you notice it's non-lactating or not producing milk because as you can see it's homozygous recessive so it has no means of producing a protein or producing a uh the means to make milk or to induce milk production so remember in the trait of lactation the protein responsible for milk production is dominant so if an organism a female receives two recessive alleles then the female is not able to produce milk on the other hand uh as you can see on the right group on the group on the right here all of them are males as indicated by their code x and y chromosome and you notice it doesn't matter whether the male is homozygous dominant or heterozygous with the uh heterozygous lactating or homozygous not lactating they are all non-lactating hence this lactation is only present in female limited only in female so it's called sex limited trait usually the reason here could be physiological that means how your body functions to be anatomical the body structure difference between male and female or it could be duty differences in hormones or there are second other factors which makes males different from females so that's the reason why females are the ones that are lactating although males could have the genes that makes them uh able to produce milk but under normal circumstances under normal physiology or body processes in the structure they are not able to produce milk so it's sex limited rate next sex influence trade so how do you know if it's sex influence trait first you need to locate where is the gene located it's located still on the first 22 pairs of the human chromosome so if the gene is located anywhere from pairs 1 to 22 it could be under sex influence trait but what makes it different from sex limited because as you notice in sex limited it's also from chromosome pairs one to twenty two in sex influence trait it's also in uh in sec uh in chromosome one two chromosome pair one to twenty two so what makes it different sex influence trait so as i noted as we mentioned it's located it also in the autosomal chromosome pairs 1-22 but this time it's not limited both male and female can could be observed having this characteristic that means both genders could express that trait but when it comes to frequency of appearance it is more likely to occur on one gender than the other so it could be mostly you can see it in males although some females have it and some traits you can usually typically see or frequently see on females although some males have have it for example baldness you know baldness the lack of hair especially in the head you know that both men and women could be affected by this but we we're familiar that it's more prevalent or more common in males so that's one example of sex influence trait and then the body here so it's obvious that both men and women or both male and female have body hairs but it's more prevalent or more uh obvious or or it's more aggressive on males when it comes to body hair now when it comes to soft facial hair it's more prevalent on female so that means uh females tend to have uh just little hair on little facial hair or soft facial hair as compared to males now what makes this trade sex influence usually it's more on the general chemical makeup or the overall uh chemical processes with the difference between the males and the females which makes these traits sex influence although they appear both on males and females some of the traits are more common in males and some of the traits are more common in females so it's called sex influence but remember it's still the genes are still located from chromosome pairs 1 to 22 or you can say chromosome number 1 to 44. same with sex limited the only difference between the two is that in sex influence it could happen in both genders but it's more influential on one gender than the other when it comes to sex limited it's only limited to males or sometimes it's only limited to limited to females now next last type the sex-linked traits so your clue here is the word linked so these traits are directly linked to the sex chromosomes so that means the genes are only found here on the last pair of the sex chromosome it's either located on the x or on the y chromosome by the way these karyotypes that i'm showing you is a cardiotype of the male because it's xy okay so sex-linked traits first clue genes located only in the sex chromosome so this makes it unique from the sex limited and sex influence in this case the sex-linked traits the traits are directly linked to chromosome pair 23 or you can say chromosome number 45 to 46 it's either found only in x or in y so you have to remember if that specific gene or let's say allele of that specific trait is located in the x chromosome it could affect both male and female because you remember the females xx and the male is xy so it could affect the female because female has x and also it could affect male because the males have x chromosome but if the gene is located on the y chromosome obviously only the males will be affected because only males have the y sex chromosome so here are the two common examples hemophilia hemophilia is an x-linked and it's recessive gene so therefore it could affect both male and female okay next is hypertrichosis also known as hairy ears okay i think it's also known as the a werewolf syndrome wherein the person develops abnormally uh abnormal amounts of amounts of hair on the ears it's a wide length gene so if since it's y link it only affects the male now let's have an example for hemophilia hemophilia is a recessive allele so that means uh if it's capital h that means it's a normal allele uh hemophilia is a condition where in the body it's not able to produce enough protein for the blood to clot so remember blood clotting in the circulatory system platelets and other factors so when you have hemophilia uh what even if you have a small wound or small cut your body is not able to let the bleeding stop effectively so it's a dangerous condition so if it's capital h it's considered a norm a normal allele but if it's small h that means you have the condition called hemophilia and it's recessive and this makes sense as in the previous lessons that i discussed in biology usually the recessive alleles are the alleles that do not produce protein and this protein here we're talking about anemophilia these are proteins that are responsible for blood cutting and if your body is not able to produce that protein therefore you have that recessive h allele the small letter h which which means you have hemophilia so in this case x and x this is the mother and then the father is uh this one so this is the father's a symbol sperm cell and this is the mother so this is the father is notice that the mother is normal but heterozygous normal because the mother has a dominant allele which means it could still carry out normal blood clotting but it carries a recessive gene for hemophilia so this is considered as heterozygous normal okay it doesn't matter with if it has a recessive only there's a backup and that's also the reason why uh it's a good thing that we are deployed because if you lack a certain allele the other pair could all could compensate with that missing characteristic so in this case the female is normal then the male here since it's capital h it's normal okay and remember hemophilia is x-linked okay so when you carry out the monohybrid cross what is the probability of having an offspring that is hemophilia so as you can see there's a one red square here so it's a one-fourth or 25 percent chance of having an offspring that is hemophiliac and that is a male so female zero possibility because female could be homozygous normal or could be heterozygous normal although carrier but still normal but for the sun uh when it when you only focus on the males since there are two males there's a 50 50 chance that the male will be hemophilia but the overall chance considering also the gender 25 chance of offspring having hemophilia but that is a male okay as you can see here uh the problem here is that the uh this is this is a recessive allele the y chromosome will not compensate with the clotting factor because the clotting is only found in the x chromosome and this male here receives the recessive allele so therefore automatically this male becomes hemophilia will have that condition and like in the male here although it only has one x but it's dominant that means it could still produce blood clotting factors okay so that is the sex-linked trait hemophilia now for the next sample for sex-linked trait now here it's the y-linked so if it's wiling that means it's only for males exclusive only for males so why wildling here is hypertrichosis or the hair ears so we use pedigree chart for so we could better follow or monitor how the this cycling sex-linked rate the y-linked trade could be transferred from one from the one generation to the other okay and since this is a y-linked trait it's only exclusive to males so as you can see here the shaded uh squares are affected individuals and the and uh remember squares are for males and circles are for females so if you remember pedigree charters have review the roman numerals this one two three and four this is called the generation number so in this illustration we have four generations and then this line here is the marriage line this is the one that connects the male and the female the partner and then there's the line of descent it's a line that connects the parents to the of spring and then this is the sibling line it's the line that connects the siblings and then it connects them to the line of descent which connect which connects it to the parent so that is the basics of the pedigree chart okay so as you can see here the generation one uh the father which is denoted by square carries the y length trait or uh y-linked allele actually it's uh when you talk about y-link the concept of recessive and dominance does not apply anymore because it's a standalone chromosome okay so it's not in pair anymore because uh a normal male has only one y chromosome so there is no more dominance recessive in this case so this male has a y chromosome that has the allele for producing too much hair in the air in the ears or in the ear so it's called hypertrichosis so therefore it's affected once the uh this man marries and then they have two offspring one son and one daughter obviously the son is the one that is affected okay so this is the generation two so second generation uh one male is affected it's hundred percent okay and then coincidentally their daughter married the man that also has the condition so when we trace the line of descent they have four offspring and all the males are affected see it doesn't need to be dominant or recessive as long as you have that y chromosome the males will continue to be affected on this side still on the third generation this uh couple here so the sun here which is affected mary's a normal female but still when they had their offspring two sons and one daughter all the suns are also affected that's in the third generation okay now in this scenario here the one that i encircled this daughter from the third generation married a normal male so as the result the male is normal because it does not carry the gene in the y chromosome that exhibits over production of hair or hyper trichosis or over production of hair in the ears while on this side the affected male marries a female it doesn't matter what if the female is uh it doesn't matter because the female does not carry y chromosome so that means automatically the offspring from the fourth generation is also having the condition of hypertrichosis so as you can see here if you trace the bloodline if you trace the pedigree chart the great so i think this is the parent children grandchildren so great great grandparent so the mail which is the which carries the condition continuously passes it to his mail of spring and coincidentally this is just coincidence the normal female that marries uh the the what they call this the affected male in the second generation so this is the origin of the males here that are also affected by hyper glycosis so if you analyze the figure all males are affected provided that the father is affected automatically the sun will be affected but if the father is normal the sun will not be affected like in this case here so the father here is normal so the male here is not affected so in this pedigree chart only two in two males are not affected this one so this this one and this one in the third generation and fourth generation so that is the an example of the pedigree chart showing to you how y linked trait or uh y chromosome linked trait is transferred from the father to the offspring particularly the sans now it's a summary of the lesson in nucleic acid in chromosome blink traits first uh nucleic acid could be in the form of dna and rna so since you're in genetics you focus on dna so dna is generally a molecule that contains the your genetic code which is stored in your nitrogenous bases okay so dna is a very important molecule one of the four biomolecules and it's the one that carries your information or your genetic code it's like the program of a software now next chromosomes so chromosome is made up of dna it's a super cold dna so chromosomes form and it's only visible during the cell division stage take note of that in mitosis and meiosis and it's uh apparent very apparent during the metaphase stage and the reason for the formation of chromosome is it creates more organization so that the the genetic material if it's in the form of chromatin it's not tangled up it's organized and the when the cells separate the genes will be segregated properly next when you talk about chromosome linked inheritance or chromosome linked traits it could be classified into three sex limited sex influence and sex link so of those three there are two that are from uh similar the sex limited and sex influence so sex limited so from the word limited it could only be male it could only be female well sex influence could affect both males and females but there are traits that are more influential there are more traits that are good let's say it influences more on the male and some are more on the female so both of these traits whether it's limited or influenced they are all located only on chromosome pairs 1 to 22 or you can say chromosome number if you don't like pair 1 up to 44 okay so that is the sex limited and sex influence traits the usual factors the reason why there is sex limited and sex influence because males and females first of all have different body structures they have different slightly different anatomy and then of course different physiology or chemical processes happening inside and that's the reason why some traits are limited only to one sex and some influences more sex than more more of a certain gender than the other gender so that's sex limited and sex influence but what makes them similar is that whether sex limited or sex influence the the the the trait is located or the say the genes are located only on chromosome pairs one two twenty two and last but not the least sex link traits from the word link it's directly connected to the sex chromosome okay pair 23 or you can say chromosome number 45 to 46 by the way uh sex-linked traits are sex uh located on the sex chromosome while sex limited and sex influence body chromosome or autosomal chromosome so i hope you understand the lesson and if you have questions you can send your queries to our medium of communication through the messenger so it could be addressed and that will be all thank you very much wow