The Scientific Method

Introduction

• Curiosity: The world is full of phenomena like wind, bird flight, and emotions.
• Historical Figure: Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), father of optics and the scientific method, 11th century.

The Six Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Observe and Ask Questions

   • Observation leads to questions and a focused line of investigation.
   • Example questions: Why do women smile more? When is the best time to drive?

2. Research

   • Review existing studies and research literature.
   • Use search terms like "study," "research," or "meta-analysis."
   • Example: Study happiness and gender or cultural differences in smiling.

3. Formulate a Hypothesis

   • Develop a testable theory based on observations and research.
   • Example Hypothesis: Women smile more because they are happier.

4. Test Your Hypothesis

   • Ensure fair testing with constant conditions.
   • Consider sample size and potential biases (e.g., interviewer's influence).

5. Analyze and Conclude

   • Analyze data, refine the hypothesis, or adjust your experimental design.
   • Repeat as necessary for accurate results.

6. Share Results

   • Detail methods for peer review and replication.
   • Importance of reporting both successful and failed results.

Additional Considerations

• Falsifiability: Theories should be testable and potentially proven wrong.

  • Example: "Hamsters CAN fly" is not testable.

• Correlation vs. Causation: Distinguish between correlation and causation.

  • Example: More churches and bars in larger towns indicates correlation, not causation.

• Avoid Selective Windowing

  • Report all relevant facts to avoid misleading conclusions.
  • Example: Misleading advertisements by Colgate.

Practical Example

• Coin Hypothesis: Small coins are worth less; larger coins are worth more.
  • Consider sample size and further testing before concluding.

Conclusion

• Aim of science is to uncover the truth while avoiding misleading practices.
• Encourage applying scientific method to local currency or other curiosities.

Call to Action

• Apply the Scientific Method to personal inquiries and share findings.