hello students I will discuss you today with what is an acid we are starting acid bases salt and today's added so acid is a substance which donates H+ ions as the only positive charged ions in their aqua solution only positive charges if there is an acid and it meets a much heat inside water that is aqua solution it should furnish only h+ as the positive charge time it cannot furnish na+ k+ and it's 4 plus C a2 plus that n2 plus mg 2 plus because nothing nothing it can only furnish H+ ion as the only positive charged ions in aqueous solution that is that definition for an acid so what is this why does this i dispo'd see this H+ is very very unstable h+ is very very unstable it cannot remain in the solution so h plus goes and combines with h2o and forms h3o which is also called hydronium ion hydronium ion so if I asked you acid skips h+ or h3o plus so you should say as it gives hydronium and that is h plus because h+ is not stable there are organic acids which are obtained from plants animals tissues the organic things are called organic acid like ch3cooh also called acetic acid like we have h co h also called formic acid forming capacity now this acetic acid is found in vinegar vinegar is used while making chopped meat or something you must have seen that Shamim allah puts the vinegar like this it makes it very tasty and what is for me I think it is fun in the sting oh and okay there are many other organic acid like lactic acid which is find inside milk like citric acid citric acid find it find it oranges or any kind of sour fruits that you have okay like the lemon then we have tartaric acid the hyporheic acid is something you use in that kitchen that is found in the tamarind tree that is the Emily or I'm juicing so all these are organic acids the basic property of all the or intensive behavior always eyes that they are being although limited Sun weakness what is ah because it it will not furnish that much H plus sign it does not give that much H+ ion in the solution suppose we have acetic acid ch3cooh and it goes into the solution it won't punish too much of it yes maybe it will give some H+ and then from ch3coo minus but not that much what happens if I take 100 molecules of acetic acid only ten five of three two molecules will give business remaining ninety five molecules will remain like molecules in D was solution all the molecules will not furnish H+ times so what happens in the case of a weak acid which are organic acids they do not furnish total each cluster if I ask you we have a solution of weak acid we have a solution of weak acid what will it contain it will contain fines and molecules it will contain food and this is a very popular question of ICSC that a solution of acetic acid contains fines molecules ions and molecules none so you say ice and molecule because it ionizes but that's not ionized is that okay now we come to a mini lesson no mineral action is something that you have been knowing for years mineral acids middle acids are like HCl hydrochloric acid h2so4 also point sulfuric acid hno3 also called nitric acid h2co3 also called carbonic acid h3po4 also called phosphoric acid h2so4 also called sulfuric acid h2so4 hydrogen sulfide so there are any number of mineral acids that we have mineral is something which is derived from the earth from the minerals we take the earth we take off the minerals will be buried in the laboratory those acids are called mineral tassles the important one for newsletters are hydrochloric acid sulfuric acid and nitric acid these acids are generally very strong very strong mineral acids are very strong if I take a solution of mineral acid suppose I take a solution of HCl it will furnish too much z h+ and too much CL medicine if I take 100 molecules of exceed all the hundred molecule will changing to H+ and Cl minus no molecule will be left as such in v4 solution so a solution of the strong acid will contain ions molecules I am send molecules what do you say solution really definitely contains ions and ions really because it is completely now one very important question and you should remember this thing carbonic acid this is a mineral acid but it still it is a weak acid so there is a cushion a mineral acid which is weak carbonic acid what will the solution of carbonic acid contains ions and what will the solution of nitric acid contains C Michael F it is mineral because it is strong all the mineral acids are its strong accepted so these are the classification of acid no let us discuss basic appeal okay now let us see what is basicity of an acid basicity of custody okay it's fine basicity of an acid is the number of ionizable h plus ion one molecule of acid contains okay so it is number of high symbol h plus sign it is not the number of hydrogen then number of hydrogen is something different in number of ionizable h plus sign is different let us start discussing it let us start context TL so HCl gives we leave one edgeless so it has a basicity of one also called mono basic mono means one so we call it more of its hno3 gives one extras so again basicity one number of ionizable h+ again it becomes more no basic h2so4 gives two h plus so basicity 2 so we say die basic die basic h2s of 3 gives 2 h plus so again basicity to die this h2 co3 to h plus again we say die basic so you must be thinking it is equal to the number of hydrogen and okay i get you the surprised ch3cooh acetic acid remember acetic acid now it contains 4 hydrogen but it furnished only one hydrogen so it's basically becomes one formic acid contains two hydrogen but furnish only this hydrogen h plus so again basicity one h3po4 was forecasted was boric acid furnished 3 h plus so basicity 3 we call it tribe is so mono basic dibasic and practicing an h3 303 called phosphoric acid Force forest acid gets only to H the Sun so it's basicity becomes 2 so you must be confused for this part this part was ok here you were comfortable but here you are confused so I will give you the detail office don't worry I will give you relative so in detail but basicity or number of islands with H+ depends upon the number of atoms with are attached with oxygen which are attached with those hydrogen's which are attached with oxygen unreleased asleep you own the structure goes like this this is h3po4 phosphoric acid now this edge is attacked with hydrogen leaves leaves all those hydrogen's which are attached with oxygen they can leave the molecule because oxygen is electronegative it attracts the electrons and hydrogen loses the electron and forms extras so all the phosphoric acid phosphoric acid oxyacid of phosphorus have this kind of structure so this h3po4 has 3 removable or identical H+ and Mississippi history what is this a ch3 Co H the structure of ch3cooh goes like this z h HH c double bond o o h only this hydrogen is attached with oxygen so only one Tetris this is the new syllabus don't avoid this this you have to study in organic chemistry HC o H is somewhat like this so only one hydrogen is attached with oxygen so basicity is what about X 3 y 3 h3 p o3 is like phosphoric acid P double bond o now we are left with two oxygen okay one hydrogen is left so only two hydrogen you see this is a structure to wrong P double bond o then attach the oxygen as I did for phosphor he has it now you see only this hydrogen this hydrogen are attached with oxygen so only two hydrogen can be removed and hence basicity becomes 2 so basically don't depends upon in structure but do you remember the normal one HCl one hno3 one hn o h2 co3 2 h2 so4 2 CH 3 CH 1 H 0 H 1 x3 po4 3 and H 3 o 3 2 so this was all about basicity of acid no we are going to do the ok so now we will do preparation of acid so the first method of preparing and acid is combination of a nonmetal with hydrogen see the nonmetals used to form acid and metals form base remember this nonmetals will form acid and metal will pop base and hydrogen is always present so a nonmetal plus hydrogen gives them acid now this method is also sometimes called direct combination direct combination of a nonmetal with the hydrogen atom okay and also called as synthesis synthesis or direct combination means one and the same thing now let us see the first one glory in the gaseous state combines with hydrogen in the gaseous state to give a CLE gas not CL gas is very much soluble in water so this H CL gas is soluble in water and forms HCL acid it goes in the aqua solution and points at C R that's it CL 2 h2 so I put up to OE similarly b r2 plus h 2 welcome to HB i hydrobromic acid hydrochloric acid hydrobromic like sulfur combines with hydrogen bombs h2s hydrogen sulfide acid h2 this hydrogen sulfide gasses so these are the only three acids that you have to remember in this method direct combination so we have another method in which a non metal oxide is dissolved in water to form an acid so as I am Telling You nonmetal form acid metal form base so I have a non metal oxide carbon is a non-metal and it's oxide is carbon dioxide it dissolves in water to form h2co3 so we form carbonic acid so carbonic acid is formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water like we have sulfur trioxide sulfur is our non metal and it is the non metal oxide dissolves in water h2o so3 and one so it wants h2so4 what is this sulfuric acid so sulfuric acid is formed by so3 now sulfur dioxide so2 h2 so h2 so3 this is called sulfuric acid sun feuless remember the difference so3 forms sulfuric acid also two forms sulfuric acid h2so4 two so4 now this is nitrogen dioxide nitrogen is unknown metal you are thinking i am going to form nitric acid but wait this is important and is a kind of mixture what is it makes do so it forms two acid hno3 h and who learn this this is important hno3 h this is called nitric acid nitric acid and hno2 is called nitrous acid nitrous so I know performs to assets like Creek and nitrous acid so you have to remember this not metal oxide plus whatever forms acid and remember this thing that no.2 is a mixed anhydride what is anhydride and means not hydride means water so when we remove water from an acid we remove water from an acid we get acid and hydride acid and high crime from carbonic acid and move h2o so I get again carbon dioxide which is acid anhydride of carbonic acid similarly if I remove water from sulfuric acid I will get sulfur trioxide which is again as Tilda and hydride and similarly this no.2 this night coating dioxide is a mixed anhydride it can form nitric acid as well as nitrous acid so this was a method to prepare acid we take non metal oxide and dissolve it in water to get it so the mixed method of preparation of an acid is oxidation of a nonmetal I am already telling you many times that acid is formed only by nonmetals so when we oxidize the nonmetal we get an acid so what are the things that we are going to oxidize sulfur phosphorus and maybe carbon so how to oxidize sulfur to get sulfuric acid you see in chemistry hno3 well known as nitric acid is a very strong oxidizing agent this is a oxidizing agent it can oxidize anything this is a very strong oxidizing engine very strong so we are oxidizing sulfur with the help of hno3 in concentrated form is strong oxidizing agent it oxidizes sulfur to h2so4 similarly I use hno3 nitric acid to oxidize first spores and we get h3po4 which is phosphoric acid so I can form sulfuric acid and I can also form phosphoric acid by using nitric acid as an oxidizing agent and oxidizing sulfur and phosphorus there are some byproducts of this reaction what are they so h2 so4 plus h2o plus no.2 nitrogen dioxide here also same body products plus h2o plus no.2 nitrogen dioxide now what is left is balancing these two equations I will tell you what trick to balance both of these equations see these equations looks very similar sulfur plus h n3 h2so4 h2o no.2 phosphorous plus hno3 h3po4 h2o hem and you put a 6 over here put a 5 over here it's done now there are 6 nitrogen you see where is nitrogen over there so 6 nitrogen I put a 6 over here balanced let us balance hydrogen 6 hydrogen 2 2 4 so I put a 2 over here to 2004 to 6 let us balance oxygen 6 threes are eating 4 to 6 6 to 36 any balanced for this case I put a 5 over here so nitrogen 5 there is nitrogen I put a 5 over here now hydrogen 5 3 to 5 balanced oxygen 5 threes of 15 for 1 5 5 to 7 balanced both of these equations are balanced just remember for the case of sulfur we put 6 for the case of phosphorous we put Phi which is the oxidizing agent nitric acid from sulfur you form sulfuric acid from phosphorous you form phosphoric acid not there is one more equation making carbon you see is a non-legal all these are nonmetals and when we oxidize carbon with the help of hm3 we get carbonic acid h2co3 God Oh Nick acid simple cell first turns to sulfuric acid phosphorus turns to phosphoric acid and carbon turns to God bonitas but carbonic acid as I have told you it's the only mineral acid which is very very weak it is really weak so it does not remain like this it become poses into h2o and carbon dioxide and what else is liberated like these reactions what else is liberated is no.2 now six five out of four over here this is a gate balanced for nitrogen over here you put four what about hydrogen for two so I put a two here balanced oxygen four threes are charged 2 to 4 4 to zhf so these are the three reaction in the last one the acid is not fun because carbonic acid is not weak ok so now we do the last method of preparation of acid this method is used only for the preparation over for a timeless a volatile acid is such an acid which can evaporate easily if you put a volatile asset outside in the atmosphere at room temperature they will evaporate and turn into gaseous state which are the volatile acid HCl and hno3 hydrochloric acid and nitric acid and to prepare a volatile acid we need a non-volatile acid non-volatile is something which will not evaporate and that is sulfuric acid in our syllabus so remember this by heart that there are two acids in our syllabus that will volatile that will vaporize that are axial and hno3 and one which will not evaporate is sulfuric acid to prepare a volatile acid UNITA non-volatile suppose I want to prepare HCl so I need to take so food I have taken for this sea lion I take anything so what will happen this H will come out from here and take seal on it seal what is lip when H has gone HS o fool and what is left over here sail has gone any so it will form ma hso4 yes only one H leaves and to do this I have put the temperature below 200 degree Celsius if the temperature is less only one hydrogen will leave sulfuric acid and combine with CL to farm at sea this is known as sodium hydrogen sulfate okay if you notice this reaction there is one thing are very particular about this reaction that sulfuric acid is dibasic dibasic means it should lead to hydrogen it should give to h plus but in this very reaction it has given only one edgeless so for this reaction the basicity of sulfuric acid the basicity of sulfuric acid it is not 2 it is 1 so basicity also depends upon reaction remember this this is C T depends upon reaction now suppose I want to prepare nitric acid hno3 okay this is in gaseous form and night because it also in gaseous form how will I prepare this I need this is a water type so I need a non-volatile acid so I put h2so4 for this no.3 I take nano3 what is this sodium nitrate nano3 and when h leaves sulfuric acid combines with no.3 1 H is left so what is formed any H so for the same thing sodium hydrogen sulfide and temperature again below 200 degree Celsius so this particular method is used for preparation of HCl and hno3 in particular because these are volatile acid okay and we need a non-volatile acid in all these reaction in of sodium I could have also taken potassium so here will be K here will be okay I could have taken K potassium ticket so if I want to prepare HCl I need to have NaCl if I want to prepare hno3 I need to have nano3 these are all the methods of preparation