hey guys welcome back to another episode of history with mrs. lead today I want to cover topics that could show up on our fall semester final exam so we're going to go ahead and go all the way back to the 13 colonies we had three colonial regions New England established by the Pilgrims and Puritans for religious freedom the middle colonies with a major group being the Quakers and the middle colonies were often referred to as the breadbasket because they grew the most green for the colonial for the colonies and then we had the southern colonies that were mostly established for economic reasons a lot of these southern colonies grew cash crops which is ultimately the cause of the transatlantic slave trade now there were some documents and institutions that came out of these thirteen colonies but also from England where these colonists originally came from and these documents and people and institutions would lead to the creation of our Constitution in 1787 so we're gonna start with the Magna Carta in 1215 and this is the first time that we see a limited government we had the House of Burgesses which was part of the Virginia Colony in 1619 and this was the first representative government which allowed the people to have a voice we had the Mayflower Compact in 1620 from the New England colonies and in Mayflower Compact a significant because it was the first self-government we had the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut established by Thomas Hooker and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were important because they were a form of representative government but also increase the amount of people who are allowed to vote we had the English Bill of Rights which helped inspire our American bill of rights which we'll talk about in a little bit we had John Locke he was an Enlightenment thinker and he supported unalienable rights that we will see used in the Declaration of Independence and he also encouraged people to overthrow their government get rid of it replace it with a new one if your government does not support your rights we also studied the Frenchman Charles de Montesquieu he was a big believer in the three branches and that's going to lead to separation of powers in our Constitution and we also talked about two time periods one called the Great Awakening which was mostly about religious freedom equality and we talked about enlightenment becoming informed about issues but both of these in common encourage people to use their voice in government and we could say that all of these things in this list contributed to the growth of representative government in America now let's talk about some of the grievances that colonists experienced in the 1700s the first one was mercantilism and mercantilism was when England would not allow us to trade with others we could only trade with the mother country and mercantilism only benefits the mother country she gets rich off of our items that we were trying to sell we also have the grievance of no taxation without representation which we will talk about after the French and Indian War here in just a minute mm-hmm we also said that the king acted like a tyrant and we were also upset because the King and Parliament eventually suspended our American legislators from meeting during the Revolutionary time period okay now in order to get to that Revolutionary time period let's back up just a little bit and we're going to talk about the French and Indian War remember this is a war fought over land west of the Appalachian Mountains against France and the Native Americans we win the war however England goes into debt and because England is now in debt they are going to increase taxes and make the colonists help pay off the debt the king will also pass a law called the proclamation Act of 1763 and this said that colonists could not move west of the Appalachian Mountains both the proclamation act and taxation without representation will be considered grievances that we had with England during this revolutionary time period we had some significant people like Thomas Paine and Marcy Otis Warren they were writers who wrote to influence Americans to become Patriots and support independence from England we had Sam Adams he was the leader of the Sons of Liberty the Sons of Liberty through the Boston Tea Party to protest taxes and the Boston Tea Party led to the Intolerable Acts passed by the Parliament that punished the colonists for the Boston Tea Party we also studied our French Ally Marquis de Lafayette we studied John Paul Jones the father of the American Navy and we also studied Crispus Attucks who is the first person killed in the Boston Massacre which was then used as propaganda to convince more Americans to become Patriots okay we also studied the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson on July 4th 1776 and this was ultimately telling England's that we would not support their treatment of us anymore we wanted our independence we felt that our government should protect the unalienable rights of people life liberty and the pursuit of happiness and on alienable rights we feel our rights that should be protected by the government but also rights that all humans are born with regardless of whether you're from America or not now they could possibly ask us questions about the chronology of the American Revolution and so remember we go lsv why stop so the first battles are the battles of Lexington and Concord also known as the shot heard around the world we have the Battle of Saratoga which is referred to as the turning point of the Revolution and we start winning the war and France becomes our ally and supports our independence we have the winter camp at Valley Forge where George Washington and his troops were low on supplies but they were able to move on forward and able to prove that they were willing to fight for our country and then we have why Yorktown the final battle of the American Revolution where England decides to surrender to the Americans now we get our official independence when we sign the Treaty of Paris and this will also give us land west to the Mississippi River that will be our new boundary all right now during this time period though we had started setting up our first national government also known as the Articles of Confederation and we use the hand to remember the major weaknesses of this first government the most important weakness to remember is that the AOC created a weak federal government because we were scared of our country turning into a tyranny as we had experience with England a major strength of the AOC though was the Northwest Ordinance and this was an orderly process for territories to become States in our Union now the event of Shay's rebellion with the angry farmers this is going to lead us to realize that the Articles of Confederation were too weak and we needed a stronger federal government so we go to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 in Philadelphia the first issue that we discuss at the convention is the idea of representation we have New Jersey representing small sized states and they want to have equal representation in Congress we had Virginia representing large sized states and they want population to determine our representation in Congress well since we can't get anybody to vote for more than for one over the other we end up with the great compromise and the great compromise says our Congress will be a bicameral legislature it will have two houses one will be the Senate which will be based on equal representation and one will be the House of Representative based on population the other major issue at the convention was the idea of slavery they decide not to ban slavery but we want to know how we're going to deal with taxation and representation so the three-fifths compromise says that three out of five slaves will count for estates taxation purposes and also for its representation purposes now we can't just have a few guys write this constitution and approve it for the entire country so we need to go through the ratification process the Federalists are going to be headed up by James Madison Alexander Hamilton and John Jay they want to ratify the Constitution as it was written and they want a strong federal government but their foes are the anti-federalists and they're led by George Mason they do not want to ratify the Constitution unless a bill of rights is added and they would have preferred a weak federal government okay so ultimately we do add a bill of rights which we will talk about in just a moment but first I want to discuss the seven principles or major ideas of the Constitution and we remember the seven principles as flip rocks you will be asked all the time about the principle of federalism and remember that this is the idea that the national government shares power with the states and then they also have some powers in the middle that are shared concurrent powers like the power to tax so the federal government has the power to declare war but states have the power to make decisions about licenses we have the idea of limited government based on the Magna Carta that even the rulers of our country will have to follow the same laws as everyone else individual rights is best shown in our bill of rights the government is to protect the people's rights popular sovereignty we the people are in charge of our country republicanism people vote for representatives to be their voice checks and balances no branch can become more powerful than the other so we can check each other from becoming too strong and separation of powers going back to Charles to Montesquieu's idea we should have three branches of government so the legislative is in charge of making laws the executive is in charge of enforcing the laws and the judicial branch is in charge of judging or interpreting the laws now some ways that checks and balances could play out here is legislative can impeach the president they can override his vetoes they can also have the power to declare war and collect taxes executive branch has the power to veto they can make treaties as long as the legislative branch approves and then the judicial branch has the power of judicial review they can decide if laws passed by the legislative branch and enforced by the president are unconstitutional okay now moving on to our Bill of Rights we have our video with all the hand signals to remember but number one two three and four are significant because they all represent grievances that we had with England and wanted to address in our constitution so number one religion assembly petition press and speech to the right to their arms three no quartering soldiers and four no search and seizure without a warrant okay five six seven and eight are all similar because they are the rights of the accused so the fifth amendment is due process the government has to protect accused people's rights and give them a process to prove their innocence or guilt and they also have the right to remain silent the sixth amendment you have the right to a trial by jury for criminal cases and you also have the right to have a lawyer represent you seventh amendment you also have the right to have a trial by jury for civil cases over twenty dollars number eight no cruel and unusual punishments no excessive fines or fees the ninth amendment is called rights not enumerated basically just because a right is not listed doesn't mean you don't have it and finally number ten is the idea of federalism going back to the seven principles the federal government shares power with the states any powers not taken by the federal government can be snatched up by the states finally we talked about the process of citizenship and citizens responsibilities to become a citizen you have to be at least 18 or older live in the country for five or more years speak English take a civics test and pass an interview and then take an oath of allegiance to our country and constitution now that is if you are becoming a naturalized citizen if you are born in America or you have at least one parent who is an American citizen then you already have your citizenship finally responsibilities of citizens we expect citizens to serve on a jury if called and the reason we do this is because we want to have citizens listen to the accused story to decide if they're innocent or guilty instead of just one person one judge being in charge of your fate we expect citizens to vote in elections exercise the principle of republicanism we expect citizens to pay their taxes follow the laws and to be informed of issues in our country all right go ahead and study up your Quizlet your study guide review any of my old youtube videos remember to cap your questions and try your very best tomorrow