hello year 11 and welcome to a session on Conquering the case study so throughout your eight topics of the gcsc you have lots and lots of examples and then you have for each topic some case studies now these case studies are larger than examples and for these case studies you need very specific facts and points that you can write in particularly your eight Mark questions in your GCSE exam so this session will be on how you conquer that case study and how you use them effectively in your exam answers so first of all what are case studies all about what are they linked to so biggest thing obviously is location where are they and then we've also got the impact of them the impact of whatever it is whatever topic it is us studying and then we've got seep social economic environmental and political categories so what we try to do is we try to group those impacts into those four categories and finally they're about evaluation as well so you will have some case studies that have responses for example to an earthquake what did the government and people do as a result of the earthquake happening and where those responses then good responses or bad responses so its location impacts seep and the responses and if you have all of those things and put them together you have a case study now to start off what I'm going to talk through is just some general things on how you use case studies and points to remember for your exam so the first one is read exam questions very very carefully okay and the reason for that is because it may be asking you for a very specific part of a case study and if it does that you need to try and make sure that you don't just write a random paragraph that describes everything that happened in the case study so try and be as specific as possible always use a case study for an eight mark question now some of the eight Mark questions will not say using a case study but you need to know that every time you answer an eight mark question you must use a case study and another thing when you get the question bug the question so bug the question simply means B put a box around the command word so that will usually be the first word and it will be explain or evaluate or assess you underline the geography underline what you are actually being asked to talk about and G glance back at that question again as you write your answer okay so every time you do a short paragraph glance back up at the question and make sure you are still answering that question for each case study you must know at least at a minimum two impacts or two effects and two responses if there are responses so you must have at least two impacts if you have any less than that you will not be able to reach any sort of high level out of eight marks also if you are aiming for a 7 to n Target grade you will need more than two impacts you're going to need probably four to be able to discuss them at length in detail okay um try to categorize your impacts or your responses into seep social economic environmental and political impact so for example with an earthquake if homes were lost during that earthquake that would be a social impact because it mainly affects people with an earthquake if it costs 120 million pound to fix the problems it created that's a response that's an economic response and so on third fourth thing always use peel always peel paragraph your answers and what does that mean it means make a point explain that point really well use evidence from the case study in question and try to link back then to the question that links very well with bugging the question glance back at the question and write a sentence that links straight back to that question next where you can pick out two specific dates or bits of data from your case study can use so for every case study you've got try to know or try to have two specific bits of data or dates that are specific to that case study why because very simply it tells the examiner that you know the specific details of that case study and you can be as specific as possible and finally answer the actual question if you're asked do you agree with something make sure you say I agree or disagree pick a side of the argument decide which side of the argument you agree with most and argue for it and remember that evaluating something means look at the strengths look at the weaknesses and decide which arguments are best so what we're going to do now is for every single topic of the eight topics we are going to go through each of the large case studies for those topics so we're going to start what with the start of your GCSE course which started in year nine and that was ecosystems now there are three case studies for ecosystems and this is the first so this is the Costa Rica case study and the first part of it was the samasati Nature Reserve now this was a case study about ecofriendly tourism or ecotourism okay so this is an eco-friendly we way of using the rainforest so the causes of deforestation very briefly right what actually causes deforestation because that is the biggest threat to ecosystems in Costa Rica and the rainforest itself so we've got remember that deforestation is the loss of trees cutting them down on often a large scale and we've got logging mineral extraction population pressure commercial farming and subsistence farming so logging is obviously cutting the trees down to use to make tables anything with wood and then they are exported mineral extraction is mining so mining in tropical rainforest areas for oil tin and other minerals population pressure so that's all about people moving into these areas um and settling in these areas because of the pressures in urban areas outside side of them so urban areas are quite built up already quite densely populated so people may choose to move nearer to the rainforest where it's less densely populated commercial farming is all about large businesses and large areas of land being cleared to grow crops on and to raise cattle for example cows on from meat and then finally we've got subsistence farming and that is about growing and hunting to support the community so it's local community farming and this has a very small impact on tropical rainforest because it is small scale now specifically then the samasati nature reserve and in general deforestation what you find is that the impact of all of this deforestation are as follows soil erosion the soil is actually exposed to the air and the sun which means it's eroded further loss of biodiversity climate change releasing of CO2 when you chop down trees remember trees are a CO2 store so when you chop them down they that releases that CO2 they no longer store it so that's a loss of a carbon sink we also get water pollution but we do have economic gain because we cut the trees down for an economic use such as farming more jobs which is a good thing a positive thing and increased taxes now the solutions to these impacts and the solutions to these problems in general are things like selective logging so actively selecting small areas to log not doing it on a mass scale ecotourism which is the samasati nature reserve is a good example um national parks education on why we should and why we should not chop down trees International agreements and debt reduction now on the right hand side here the image is from the samasati nature reserve and around this image there are examples of how the samasati Nature Reserve is designed to minimize the impacts of Tourism so let's pick out some examples no heavy machinery was used to constructed the timber was very local the rainwater is collected and on the roofs and then used for toilets and showers the colors of the building are natural colors they blend in with the landscape there is natural light used and ventilation so that minimizes energy use and finally the buildings are on stilts and that reduces the humidity in the pods themselves in the little shacks and also it allows natural drainage so it doesn't stop natural drainage flows taking place so that is your example of ecotourism the samasati nature reserve and just previously was the causes of deforestation and the impacts and solution to those problems the next case study you had in ecosystems was about the Arctic Council now the Arctic Council we need to be very clear here is an example of global sustainable management of an area Okay so this is a global approach to managing an ecosystem and the ecosystem is the Arctic okay so the countries involved include as you can see on the map Canada the United States Alaska um Denmark spard Iceland Russia and so on and it was formed in 1996 there's eight member states and it aims to protect the Arctic ecosystem through cooperation through these countries working together so it aims to protect them it aims to reduce and pollutants it monitors the Arctic environment and it tries to create sustainable use of the environment now what's its success has been it has helped to negotiate three legally binding contracts so they are in law it also has enhanced research so it has good understanding of the ecosystem itself and therefore can make informed decisions and it has created the potential for a future Arctic Treaty of course there is an Antarctic treaty in the South Pole but there is currently no Arctic treaty to protect the Arctic itself so there are the really successful things now the things that have not worked so well are as follows there is no programming budget in other words the Arctic Council does not actually have a set budget that it can spend on trying to develop sustainable development um it's not legally binding so the Arctic council's rules and recommendations are not legally binding they cannot force countries and companies who use the Arctic to follow those to the W pirate fishing has also increased in the Arctic and pirate fishing essentially means illegal fishing and the council's existence is under threat and the reason its existence is under threat is because it is not IL legally binding organization it cannot make treaties and laws it can only recommend how the Artic should be used so you would use this case study if you were asked in a question to evaluate or assess the success of a global sustainable management strategy now next then and the final case study and ecosystems is the Ice Hotel and the Ice Hotel is an example of local or small scale sustainable management so it's very different to the Arctic Council because this is local it's within a country it's a small place now the Ice Hotel is a hotel built out of ice and what you would be essentially asked to do with this would be to examine or identify or assess or explain the impacts of local sustainable management or the success of a local sustainable management strategy in an ecosystem so how has it minimized the impacts and how is it sustainable so we've got three ticks here the first one the building materials are obtained from the river including furniture and even drinking glasses after winter season when the water melts and the water returns to its source so all the materials are very locally obtained there is use of solar panels for energy sources so it tries to be more sustainable and cut down its fossil fuel use and finally the I hotel is certified as an Eco Ecco hotel by the Nordic Swan ecol label and that is scandinavia's ecol labeling program so it has actually been certified as being very eco-friendly so there are all the positive minimizing impacts or examples of being sustainable now two negative impacts for you two things that this hotel does not do well is not being sustainable about one in winter season the hotel needs to use unsustainable energy sources okay so in Winter it does need to actually use fossil fuels and secondly the hotel depends on climate change effects so shorter winter seasons for example climate change is going to affect the ability of this hotel to remain as it is today now to summarize that on the bottom right of your screen where my mouse is now there is a shorter version of everything we have just said okay so that is a way of you being able to think about it in a much shorter way some very clear simple examples so that is ecosystems done your next Topic in year nine was Orban Futures now Orban Futures has two major case studies and are two contrasting case studies as well so as you can see at the top there we had Birmingham which is an AC and AC obviously means Advanced country so developed and Rich versus Istanbul and Istanbul is an EDC and that is an emerging developing country so it's not a very poor country but it's also not fully developed and they are both cities in those countries and you had to look look at the challenges and the Sustainable Solutions so very similar in in a way to ecosystems you have to look at the problems and solutions now let's start with Birmingham where is it it's in the West Midlands if you think about that on a map literally think about the middle of England okay the West Midlands H it's the UK's second largest city and the second largest population it has an economy worth 100 12 billion us so it's a very large economy very important to the UK and it has seven major UK universities so it is a very very important city to the UK now what challenges has it faced onethird of people live in 10% of the most deprived areas in the UK in other words this area has a very a high number of deprived areas okay and they are the 10% most deprived areas in the UK there is some large scale unemployment due to de-industrialization now de-industrialization means the falling amounts of manufacturing making things over the years so the steel industry the cotton industry Etc so there is large scale unemployment due to that falling over the years there is quite a large amount of inequalities in certain areas and wealth differences between certain areas as well so they are the challenges it faces the problems um one thing to mention about how the city has been regenerated and how more money has been gathered and the economy has been made more wealthy is through the bull ring so the bull ring shopping center some of you might have been um was built or re regenerated in 2003 so it was extended and now it's the third largest retail Center in the UK and that's actually really important for the Birmingham economy because that draws in lots of people from around the UK to it and finally then looking at its sustainability so the Birmingham library has been built now this library is an example of how Birmingham has become more sustainable 95% of the building is waste recycled in other words it's come from waste that's been recycled it employs 250 local people it uses natural daylight and it has a rooftop garden to attract Wildlife so that's obviously environmentally sustainable mostly as well so all of those are really good examples of how Birmingham has become more environmentally sustainable and it's tried to solve or or fix the challenges it faces now in contrast to that we have Istanbul and that is in Turkey now locational importance again has a 15 million population okay so it has got a larger population than Birmingham it is a large city um it's in between two continents so it sits right between Europe and Asia and it is Turkey's main trade and finance home so it's a really important city turkey and actually is a really good Gateway City between Europe and Asia now what challenges does it face so it has one of the fastest growing populations in the world it's suffering from what's called rapid urbanization okay so lots and lot of people are moving to this City Historic suburbs so residential areas outside the city such as BOGO and essler have become over the years Rundown squatter settlements or slums have grown in size and amounts and it is one of the most traffic congested cities in the world so car use volumes are very high here and that creates a lot of traffic in this city now how does it try to solve these problems first of all just to mention beog glue and essler have been regenerated over the past 20 years okay so they did become rundown but they have sustainably redeveloped those areas and now they have young professionals mainly living in them another way it's become sustainable is through the Istanbul metro system and that has helped to solve the traffic problems the city has so that currently has eight routs and one of those has been recently added it reduces the amount of Road commuters it has a variety of roots and it's cost effective it's quite cheap that continues to EXP B okay so that is examples of sustainability and challenges in Istanbul in Turkey as well so there are two very different case studies on this on cities one in AC Birmingham and one in an EDC Istanbul what would you be asked to do to use this so again you might not be asked to specifically use the a city but it may say in an AC you have studied um discuss the challenges and Sustainable Solutions of that place okay so we'll focus on challenges and Sustainable Solutions okay tectonics so we've got play tectonics and weather hazards all right now our tectonic activity first of all our tectonic Hazard case study was Haiti and that was an earthquake in 2010 one of the largest earthquakes in recent years and for tectonics you will look at the impact or effect and you will also look at the responses for this one so some of the impact let's start with social and that means effect on people 3 million people affected overall 220,000 deaths and 300,000 injuries okay so they are the impact on people the economic impact then so this is about effects on the government and money and jobs okay 30,000 business building collapsed businesses were therefore destroyed and there was damage to the main clothing industry okay so Haiti is a big clothing exporter there was damage to that clothing industry so there are social and economic impacts now responses okay so your primary responses these are your immediate responses within the first few days so your primary responses were the Dominican Republic which is neighboring it okay bordering it provided emergency water and medical supplies as well as heavy machinery to start and help with the search and rescue mission okay so obviously if you look at the picture on the bottom right here lot of rubble was created remember this is a country that is an LIC a lowincome developing country and therefore a lot of the buildings were not as structurally sound as they would be in the UK and when it had this big earthquake a lot of them collapsed okay so the the uh heavy machinery was used to actually move the rubble to try and find any survivors and also another Primary Response was that emergency rescue teams arrived from a number of countries for example Iceland so more developed countries now the secondary responses these are more long-term okay these are over months and years um money was pledged by organizations and governments to assist in rebuilding in Haiti but slow progress had been made only after one year and after year there were still 1,300 temporary camps for people to live in set up so after one year there was still a very large amount of camps and finally cash for work programs are paying Haitians to clear the rubble so today the rubble has been cleared but in the Years After Cash was actually paid to Haitian people people from Haiti to help clear the rubble okay so they are your secondary responses now on the right hand side again I won't read through it but there is a shorter summary of those okay so remember at least two response at least two impacts at least two responses okay so you can really explain them in your exam question and again an exam question on this would say about a tectonic Hazard to explain the impacts and responses of a tectonic Hazard okay now weather hazards are different because they're not about plate boundaries or tectonics they're about weather and climate all right and our example of this was the Ty typhoon hyan and that was in 2013 this was the largest ever recorded typhoon or hurricane all right the reason it's called a typhoon remember is because this is in Asia now again we need the economic and social impact as well as the environment Al ones here and also the responses so let's talk about the economic impacts overall economic cost was around 5.8 billion us and that roughly equates to just under4 billion pounds so a lot of damage and a lot of money as a result 6 million workers lost their sources of income so 6 million people lost their effectively lost their jobs lost where they actually get their money from social impact uh 7,000 people killed 1.9 million people homeless 6 million people displaced and that means that 6 million people had to move from where they currently were and there were outbreaks of disease in the area afterwards because of lack of Sanitation lack of food lack of water lack of shelter and lack of medication and finally then the environmentalist impact where that there was widespread widespread floods um and that destroyed many homes businesses and coastal areas as well as habitats that were on those coastal areas so there are all your impact now your responses there are two here even though loss of life was significant it could have been much worse because the efforts of the Philippines meteorological agency were so good that they were able to warn lots of people in advance that this typhoon was coming so it broadcast on TV radio and the News evacuations and it evacuated 750,000 residents so they did actually try to reduce the impact they did evacuate people there was warnings beforehand and also another response was that the UK government helped provide food and shelter and water um and medicine and other supplies to up to 800,000 people okay so the UK and international government got involved because it was such a big disaster in 2013 again on the right here you've got a shorter summary of typhoon hyan in 2013 with the impacts and responses and you can see on the bottom right here in this image just how much Devastation there was was and this remember was to an area in the Philippines that was not extremely welldeveloped already so it was already it already had weakness in it okay now your next topic of the GCSE was the UK in the 21st century so this is your fourth topic and we had two case studies for this the first one was Cambridge in the UK and Cambridge in the UK is an example of a business location in the UK and your job with Cambridge is to identify the advantages of Cambridge as a business location somewhere to set up a new business and run a business and the disadvantages of Cambridge as somewhere to set up a new business and run that business so some background Cambridge the southeast of England um the Science Park it has is 3 kilometers from the city center and it has a university obviously and it's a science City so you will know that the University of Cambridge is in Cambridge and that is one of the leading universities in the world and definitely in the UK so it produces very high quality talented skilled people to go into business now the advantages of krid as a business location one advantage is that it has a worldwide reputation in education science and technology and it also has therefore very highly qualified workers living within it um it has an attractive landscape so if you've ever been to Cambridge you will notice that it's very rural before you actually get into the center of Cambridge it's a very nice area it's surrounded by Green Belt that cannot be built on it has great accessibility really good link roads to the M1 the M1 and the a1m which obviously means it's got very good links across to mil M and Birmingham and down to London and so on and it has high quality housing as as well so they are all the advantages of Cambridge as a business location it's an attractive area however it also has disadvantages the first one is that many companies are Foot Loose which means they are not tied down to a location and that means that essentially they can move at any time um house prices in Cambridge are very high which might put some people off from living Cambridge or moving to Cambridge and obviously the highly qualified graduates might not have that much money so they might move away from Cambridge to a cheaper area or city and the city is quite overcrowded and congested so lots and lots of people live in a very small space it's very densely populated and traffic is a major issue in Cambridge there is lots of traffic congestion it is a one-way system but a lot of people use it to get through to the M1 and the a1m ETC so that is Cambridge as a business location and its advantages and disadvantages and again a question on this that could come up could be identify a business location or a business Hub in the UK and explain its advantages or disadvantages now the second case study in the UK in the 21st century was the UK's role in the middle and this is quite a short case study okay but we need to look at what the UK has done in history and its role in the Middle East okay so places such as turkey Yemen Pakistan Etc Iraq Afghanistan and so on so the background to this um the UK is part of NATO the EU and the UN okay now those are international organiz ations that promote peace okay they want peace in the world they want to avoid Wars reduce the problems that Wars create and try to create peaceful Nations however the Middle East as we know has been involved in conflicts such as the Gulf War and the Iraq war in the early 2000s and these wars um had the UK involved as well so the UK did get involved in these wars as part of NATO and the EU and the UN to try and resolve the problems and to try and create peace so what was the UK involvement the UK basically trades oil and military goods with the Middle East okay so the UK gets quite a lot of its oil currently from Russia and also Saudi Arabia okay and many Middle Eastern companies invest in the UK so for example The Shard in London is actually very heavily um invested in by the United Arab Emirates in the Middle East um Islamic terrorism threatens UK security so because Islamic terrorism has threatened UK security over the past 15 to 20 years the UK has got involved to protect itself but remember it's got involved with NATO the EU and the UN as well now one of the biggest involvements we've had in recent years with the Middle East is the 2003 Iraq war and that war carried on for many years and in some cases even today although there are not troops on the ground it's still a peace mission of ours to get Iraq as peaceful as possible now the 2003 Iraq war was generally not considered a great success because even still today there is a power struggle in Iraq so the Iraq war did remove did remove dictatorship in Iraq did give people more power who live in Iraq however ever it has not completely stabilized Iraq today and Isis Islamic terrorists extremist group are still alive today so they still operate today they still carry out attacks so they are kind of the impacts of the Iraq War and actually kind of to show that it was successful in some ways but it was also not successful in others so again with this case study how would you use it essentially you would be asked a question such as explain the UK's role in a conflict around the world or globally so you would use this conflict and you would explain what it did why it was involved now your next topic and this is towards the end of year 10 was Coastal and River Landscapes so your Coastal landscape case study is Walton on the n and your River landscape study is the river teas so let's start with coasts and remember with coasts and rivers that we are looking here at mainly management okay how it is managed as a coastal or river area so w lond a is on the East Coast near Clon okay and the problem is It suffers from high levels of coastal erosion it is on a um Coastline that has London clay and red CAG Rock and they are very easily eroded okay Clay is very easily eroded so the cliffs erode very easily slumping takes place on those Cliffs so that's where the weight of the material on the cliffs and the rainfall and erosion make the land essentially slump downward fall downward okay and Longshore drift also takes place and that is where the sediment is moving down the beach further and further all the time it's extending the size of the beach now for this we've got three things to think about in terms of management there was Management in 1977 1998 and 1999 okay so the first management was this there was a major Council project on the southern part of the coast so that installed some water drainage to try and reduce flooding issues the cliff profile was changed so they tried to change the actual steepness of the cliff itself Tred to reduce it from slumping there are large groins installed so groins are what you actually see in this image here okay the wooden things that go out to sea there they reduce Longshore drift they try and stop the beach extending further and further and the seaw wall which is behind it as you can see here was enhanced okay it was built up a bit more and it was shaped so that the water if it did come in reflects back out and goes back out to see in 1998 there was more management16 167,000 was spent for 300 tons of granite near the tower now Granite is a hard rock okay and what Granite does is it sits in front of the Tower and the cliffs and what that does is it slows down the waves as they come in and that reduces the erosion that can take place on the cliffs itself and finally in 1999 there was Beach replenishment that took place now Beach replenishment remember is when sand is added to the beach that's already there it's built up to try and reduce the problems of erosion and it also reduces wave speed so they are the management things that's taken place in Walton on the na in Essex so that is your Coastal management strategies now your River te's Management strategies so the river Tas is in the northeast of England um so it starts in what a place called crossfell which is in the penines penine region and the mouth where it goes out to sea is the North Sea at Middlesboro okay so on the Northeast Coast the river is 128 kilm long and it has high Force waterfall with a Gorge a massive open area in the upper course meanders in the middle course levies in the middle and lower courses to reduce flooding and flood Plains where flooding can take place in the middle and lower courses as well so that's the general characteristics of this River now there's one major example within this case study of management and that is yarm's flood defense scheme so yarm is a historic Market town it's prone to flooding and the last most serious flooding was in 1995 and since then there's been 22.1 million spent on building better flood defenses so those flood defenses included improved Flood Warning Systems to warn people if a flood might take place better communication between the Met Office that analyzes weather the police and the emergency services to try and coordinate the response to try and get people out if needed and new development is not encouraged on flood planes okay so on flood planes where the land should be allowed to be free to flood to stop other places flooding uh new housing buildings Etc are not encouraged to be built there due to the fact that it can flood and that is called land use zonation land use zonation is where you basically split up the zones areas of land and say you cannot build here but you can build here so that is a major example in yam of how the Riveras has been managed now how would you use these in an exam question well look out in the exam question in your distinctive Landscapes section for the word either Coastal or river okay so it will be Coastal or river landscape in the eight mark question once you know what that is you know which case study to use and you are likely to be asked about the management of a coastal or river landscape so your next topic is changing climate now for changing climate you have two case studies one of them is the UK and the other is tuvalu and the case study for the UK is just about the impacts of climate change on the UK but your case study for tuvalu is the impact of sea level rise as a result of climate change in tuu so let's start with the UK all right so the climate of the UK is likely to see a 2 degree rise in temperature by 2050 it's likely to get warmer and wetter Winters and it's also likely to get warmer and drier Summers and we're already seeing this in the last 10 years specifically where we do have warmer and drier Summers so that's the first impacts of the climate Okay the second ones are about flooding so coastal areas are low line they are likely to see more and more flooding they already do so these low-lying areas are going to have more flooding erosion rates are going to go up there's going to be more erosion over time and there will be more elderly people suffering because we see that the population of coastal areas is more elderly so more elderly people may suffer as a result of these erosion rates rising and flooding taking place so they are flooding impact extreme rainfall we are going to be getting more extreme rainfall more flash flooding more floods in Winter currently that costs 1.3 billion pounds a year but that is continuing to rise heat problems so because of the rise in heat particularly in summertime in the UK there is going be a rise in deaths and illnesses due to heat problems and water shortages in the South remember elderly people and very young people are vulnerable to temperature changes okay their bodies do not cope with regulating their own temperature as well as someone who is fit and healthy in their 20s or 40s or 50s or 60s okay so the rise in heat will affect their bodies and could if they have an illness or weakness result result in more deaths we already know that in the South and Southeast of the UK there are extreme water shortages that is set to get worse as well so that's another impact however all of the impacts I've mentioned so far are negative impact okay so the climate coastal flooding extreme rainfall and heat problems are all negative impact but you also need some positive impacts so there are a few the UK can now grow for example grapes like in France Those Grapes can be used to make wine that wine can be exported across the world and sold English sparkling wine that has an economic benefit and an economic impact okay so there's new incomes created as a result another positive impact that's not mentioned here for you is higher temperatures and drier Summers mean also we get an extended summer which means higher tourism rates that's another positive thing for the economy that creates money so that is your UK case study of the impacts of climate change you do need negative and positive impacts there and remember to try and use social environmental economic and political impacts now your second case study for climate change and rising sea level in this case is tuvalu so tuvalu are nine small islands in the South Pacific new New Zealand and Australia they are lowly there is no part of tuvalu that is above 5 m above sea level okay so it's a very low-lying area the population is 11,000 people and it is an Economy based on fishing okay so its main economic gain is fishing now here you need the impacts and the management of those impacts for sea level rise so what are the imps of sea level rising in tuu we get increased salinization now salinization is salt water from the sea getting into the soil all right so that is water pollution and that's going to affect the soil and farming water wells so the wells that obviously collect and hold water in them will be polluted by sea waterer and other pollutants droughts may become more common as a result of climate change but but also remember Tides because of sea level rise May flood homes and Roads and actually in tuvalu this already does happen Okay it already does flood homes when the tides do rise significantly the water bubbles up from under the ground here and another impact is that the main Airport runway is under threat and remember an airport is really important for export and import all right people traveling to and from the islands so that's a really important economic factor in tuvalu so there are all the problems and impact that sea level rise and climate change are creating now the management of those impacts how are they or have they been managed so uh the government have a campaign for Community Action so the government wants the community to get together to help each other to have action on this people are migrating to nearby New Zealand these are climate refugees they are migrating because they have no choice due to climate change and sea level rise and Japan is also finally supporting a coral reef restoration program for the area and that is to keep its habitats and its natural ecosystem as healthy as possible so Japan is supporting tuvalu with that finally we've got two images on the screen for these two case studies as you can see on the left there this is 2019 okay and this is the maximum temperatures and the anomalous or the anomaly value above 1981 to 20110 rates so what it shows you is that obviously the whole of the UK here is getting warmer all right and on the right here we have some diagrams that show 2006 and 2014 and the rates at which the coastline is disappearing now your next case study and this is the second to last is dynamic development and that is Zambia so in Dynamic development at the start of year 11 you study for eight lessons Zambia and we look at development in Zambia how Zambia is developing remember Zambia is in Africa okay and let's start with its history so it's a landlocked country it's not connected to any Seas all right or oceans it's surrounded by other countries it has lots of copper all right it had its main resource is copper it was a British colony so it was actually part of the British um Empire and its population is 14 million people now zomia was part of what are called the mdgs the Millennium development goals and this ran between 2000 and 2015 okay so it had mixed achievements with these it did see HIV rates drop it did see child mortality drop but it's still high there was 90% attendance at primary schools now compared to beforehand which was lower which is good and 10% of people still suffer from AIDS or HIV okay so HIV is still a problem attendance of primary schools has got better but not full yet there is not full attendance but child mortality as we said was still high now in terms of copper itself in terms of the resource that it's rich in it relies on copper 70% of all of its exports is copper that is a very large amount of exports solely reliant on copper between 1970 and 2000 copper prices fa quite a lot which means that Zambia did not make enough money from copper and it fell into debt today however in 2020 the economy has what's called Diversified so actually now it doesn't rely as much on copper because it now relies also on tourism and finance and trade has also increased with other resources so its economy has Diversified and it's gone away from just trading copper which is a good thing because it means it is a more solid foundation to grow now take a look at transnational companies in Zambia um transnational companies in Zambia which are multinational so they work around different countries in the World provide jobs and income um they pay tax so that supports the government and it means the government can spend more money on development in Zambia however one major problem with transnational companies being in Zambia as is it means that essentially small companies find it hard to compete as they pollute the environment as well okay so smaller companies kind of lose out to the bigger multinational companies okay okay so think about you at home you probably have branded clothing all right so Nike Adidas etc those are multinational companies whereas the smaller retail companies can't promote themselves as well and remember tnc's pollute the environment they pollute Rivers they uh use fossil fuels Etc so that's also not good for the Zambian economy or the environment now Water Aid on the second part over here water a is an international organization it's an international charity that helps or has helped Zambia so it provides 54,000 people with safe water and 42,000 people improved sanitation okay so improved toilet facilities that's all very good and then finally you had to at the very end of the Zambia case study look at a top down and bottom up project so top down is where the government or an international organization has designed it okay so it's designed this project whereas bottom up is the local community okay so the top down one was the kba dam and the kba dam was built obviously to um protect against flooding but also to create hydroelectric power so it is a hydroelectric Dam okay and the energy from this is vital to the power to power the copper industry so it's actually used to create the the power to to um extract the copper Etc it's also used for fishing and it's also used for tourism uh 57,000 local people however were evicted from the land surrounding the river to be able to build this Dam and that was because of flooding concerns all right so 57,000 people were moved on from the area they lived their homes to build this Dam so that's a kind of a negative impact of building this Dam and it's a negative impact of this top- down project and finally your bottom up project for Zambia was room to read now this was a project aimed at helping girls to learn how to read more effectively so it targeted girls particularly and girls education so it increases the educational awareness among girls to be able to start reading and writing it was small scale it was Community scale so the biggest problem with it was that even though that it did help girls to read and it did increase the awareness of girls reading it is local so therefore it's National impact is minimal okay now all of that was the Zambia case study as you can see and as it's taken quite a while to get through the Zambia case study is a very large case study and you can be asked about very very diverse in um things with this case study in your exam okay so you could be asked things such as evaluate the top down and bottom up project of a developing country you've studied in other words how good was the top- down project or bad and how good was the bottom up project or bad you have to evaluate it say what's good say what's bad make a decision on whether it worked overall or not you could also be asked about the impacts of tnc's in an LC or an EDC okay so you could be asked about what's good about tnc's what do they do that's really good for a country and also then what's bad about a TNC what they don't do okay so there's just some examples of questions you could be asked where you would have to use development in Zambia and finally your final topic today is resource Reliance so this is your last GCSE topic and for this topic you looked at two different countries for food security so how secure and reliable food sources are and that was the UK and Tanzania so let's start with the UK on the left here okay so remember the UK is a population of around 65 million people and it has what's called a high level of food security and that means that we have a good reliability on food we can grow enough and we import enough to be able to feed the population so calorie intake in the UK has actually decreased since the 1980s we actually do eat less calories than we used to the levels of obesity however have increased because we have more inactive Lifestyles we don't exercise as much as we did we sit at office desks for example okay all day we don't get out and exercise enough and the UK has exported 19 billion pounds worth of food and drink in 2013 so the UK is a good large exporter of food and drink okay so we consume quite a lot of food but not as much as we did in terms of calories in the 1980s we have become more obese because of the types of foods we are eating but also because we are more inactive than we used to be and we export a very Hefty amount of food as well good for the economy in terms of our food security 23 countries Supply the UK with food okay so we rely on 23 countries to supply us with food apart from the food we grow ourselves the UK meets half of its own needs so half of all of the UK's food is actually grown and reared in the UK we have close ties with the EU for food trade so we do rely on the EU heavily for food trade as well so we are pretty secure in that we can get get our food from us and elsewhere around the world however individual people might not be food secure okay you have to think about poverty for example so we have in the UK have had different attempts to become more food secure and they are for example food banks which are depended upon by 1 million people in the UK currently and we have over 400 actual food banks in the UK so this is mainly for people who have found themselves in poverty or hard times and they will go to a local food bank and they will request food to feed their families many people don't earned enough nowadays to have full stocks of food so therefore that's where these food banks come in and they help top up people and keep them food secure other attempts at field security have been things like allotments okay so allotments are used in urban areas like Luton for example nearby that has many allotments to grow for people to grow their own vegetables so for families to grow their own vegetables these are Council controls so the local Council controls these and there are currently around 300,000 allotments in the UK and there is work ongoing to try and increase this amount to try and increase fam's individual food security so they can rely on themselves for growing vegetables now that is all an example of a country an AC like the UK that has food security has high levels of food security okay and a question on this might be using an AC you have studied assess its attempts of food security or assess its food security you also may be asked to contrast an AC with an LIC or an EDC in terms of food security so your contrasting case study is Tanzania and in Tanzania we also have like we mentioned a few minutes ago top down and bottom up approaches as well and these are important because you could be asked to individually evaluate the success of the top down or the bottom up strategies okay now Tanzania if you look at the map on the bottom right has a sagcot area and that is the southern agricultural Corridor of Tanzania it is the darker green area in Tanzania as you can see here and this was identified as an area that is good for growth economically and therefore environmentally and for food particularly in future and that's because it has main rots through it it has main towns through it and it has lots of land that can be used to grow food on so sag cot is an example of how Tanzania has tried to incre increase its food security Now background on Tanzania it is one of the poorest countries in the world okay it is an LIC 51 million people live there so the population is slightly lower than the UK's and it has a low level of Feud security okay so it does not have very good food security its food supply is not great everyone does not have good access to food now in terms of its Trends it has what's called serious hunger on the global hunger index the ghi okay so it's classed as being seriously hungry 32% of people live in food security all right so that means that only 32% of the population are food secure and that also means therefore that 68% are not food secure live in food poverty incomes are very low in this country and that is one of the reasons now your top-down approach to food security so this is an international approach this is international organizations and other governments helping Tanzania to become more food secure and that was the wheat program which was provided by Canada 95 million Us in or yeah US dollars in Aid was provided and this project covered 24,000 hectares of land okay now those hectares of land if you think about 24,000 hectares that is hundred hundreds of thousands of football pitches okay it's a large amount of football pitchers so it's a large amount of land Tanzania almost became sufficient in growing its own wheat and not needing imported goods so this project provided by Canada and the 95 million pound in Aid 95 million US dollars in age should I say actually helped Tanzania nearly rely solely on itself to create its own wheat that's all good that's a really good outcome of that top down project or approach now your bottom up strategy okay so this is a local community strategy to try and create food security and that is in the babati district in the South and the babati district is a rural area it's 90% Rural and this bottomup strategy was provided by goat Aid and goat Aid helped the local community launched this program in 1999 and lasted until 2006 £200,000 was invested in this project in the local area and essentially what this did was it Goat Aid gave communities goats gave them their own goats what do goats do goats provide milk and meat for families okay so what it did was it allowed families to start rearing goats to have cattle on land to start breeding them and so they had milk and meat all right really nutritious Foods it also educated farmers and children on how to look after the goats and how to use the goats for their own benefit okay so how to make food security using the goats so that's all good it was a really really positive project in that sense because it gave families and local communities more food security through meat and milk however very much like the uh roomto read project okay in Zambia this project was only small scale it did not benefit people nationally so it had a small impact on tanzania's overall food security now that is all eight topics and all of the case studies that you have in those eight topics that is your main case studies for the entirety of your GCSE hence why this session has been quite long however I hope you find this really useful as a way to revise those case studies and remembering how to use them in eight Mark exam questions in lessons so I hope you found that useful and make sure you keep using this as a reminder to yourself of how you use your case studies