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Temperature Conversion: Fahrenheit to Celsius
- Formula: [ C = \frac{5}{9} (F - 32) ]
- Example: Convert 244.2Ā°F to Celsius: 117.9Ā°C
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Density and Mass Calculation
- Formula: Density = Mass/Volume
- Compute the mass of a tungsten cube by converting dimensions from inches to centimeters.
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Distance Conversion: Kilometers to Centimeters
- Use intermediate conversion to meters.
- Example: 384 km = 3.84 Ć 10āø cm.
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Average Atomic Mass
- Calculation involves mass and fractional abundance of isotopes.
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Ionic Compounds and Chemical Formulas
- Understanding of identifying compound names from formulas.
- Example: Titanium phosphide involves determining oxidation states.
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Acid Formulas
- Hypobromous acid is represented by HBrO.
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Atomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
- Example with indium and determining its ionic form.
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Oxygen Content in Compounds
- Calculating moles of oxygen in compounds through stoichiometry.
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Empirical Formulas
- Converting percentage composition to moles and deriving empirical formulas.
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Balancing Chemical Equations
- Example: Balancing equations involving calcium phosphate and phosphoric acid.
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Stoichiometry
- Determining reactants for desired product mass.
- Limiting reactant problems and percent yield calculations.
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Solubility and Precipitation Reactions
- Identifying which compounds are soluble based on solubility rules.
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Net Ionic Equations
- Writing net ionic equations by removing spectator ions.
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Solution Stoichiometry
- Using molarity and volume to determine reactant amounts.
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Dilution Calculations
- Using M1V1 = M2V2 to determine diluted solution concentrations.
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Oxidation Numbers
- Determining oxidation numbers in compounds.
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Photon Energy
- Using Planck's constant and frequency to calculate photon energy.
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Bohr's Atomic Model
- Understanding electron transitions and emission energy levels.
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Quantum Numbers
- Determining electron configurations and allowed quantum numbers.
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Electron Configurations
- Writing configurations for elements and ions.
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Periodic Trends
- Electronegativity, atomic, ionic sizes, and lattice energy trends.
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Lewis Structures and Molecular Geometry
- Drawing structures, determining formal charges, and understanding molecular polarity.
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Hybridization and Bond Order
- Determining hybridization states and bond orders in molecules.
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Thermochemistry and Calorimetry
- Calculating heat changes, enthalpy changes, and system work.
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Gas Laws and Calculations
- Using ideal gas law and stoichiometry for gas reactions.
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Diffusion and Effusion
- Understanding and applying Graham's law for gas effusion rates.
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Partial Pressures
- Calculating partial pressures using mole fractions in gas mixtures.