Heimler’s History: Development of American Culture (1800-1848)

Overview

• This period marks the emergence of a truly distinct American culture.
• Prior to this, American culture was heavily influenced by European art, architecture, and philosophy.

Shift from Enlightenment to Romanticism

• The transition from Enlightenment thinking, characterized by rationality, to Romanticism, which emphasizes emotion and human perfectibility.
• This shift influenced religious movements like the Second Great Awakening and various social reforms.

Architecture

• Transition from British Georgian style to Greek and Roman revival architecture.
• Notable example: Capitol Building in Washington D.C. with arches and a dome.

Literature

• Early 1800s: Interest in British author Sir Walter Scott.
• By 1820s: Emergence of American authors with distinct styles.
  • James Fennimore Cooper: "Last of the Mohicans," portraying the American frontier.
  • Washington Irving: "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," depicting American landscapes in a fantastical way.
• Noah Webster: Published "American Dictionary of the English Language" in 1828, standardizing American English.

Art

• Hudson River School: Group of artists known for dramatic portrayals of American landscapes.
• Emphasized emotion and sentiment over accuracy.

Philosophy: Transcendentalism

• Rooted in Romanticism; emphasized nature's power and beauty and human perfectibility.
• Ralph Waldo Emerson: Focused on individualism and self-reliance.
• Henry David Thoreau: Lived simply in nature, wrote "Walden," exploring human perfection.

Utopian Communities

• Movement to create ideal societies, reflecting Romantic ideals.
• Shakers: Christian community in Kentucky, communal living, celibacy led to decline.
• Oneida Community: Social and property equality, communal marriage and parenting, known for silverware production.

Conclusion

• Americans developed a unique culture reflecting their values and identity during this period.
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