all right let's start here by talking central nervous system now um this is the part 13b 15a uh that lecture that we have online there so here now when we go through we talk central nervous system we've gone through we've talked about the divisions there already we've seen central nervous system is going to be made up of the brain and the spinal cord so here now when we go through and we talk about the brain and the spinal cord we'll get the brain taken care of first and then we'll check out the spinal cord now when we go through we talk brain i'd like you to know the brain is described as being about four good fistfuls it's described as being about four good fistfuls of a quivering of a quivering pinkish gray tissue the brain is described as being wrinkled like a walnut it's wrinkled like a walnut and it has a consistency of that of a cold oatmeal now when we go through we describe the brain the brain is being described as weighing 3.5 pounds in the mail and being about 3.3 pounds 3.2 pounds in the female so 3.5 pounds in the male and 3.2 pounds in the female and now that's because of the body mass brain mass equivalency basically in the sexes uh now when we talk average average male female brain weighs about 3.3 pounds okay now when we go through we talk uh brain development and whatnot first what we want to do is we want to go through and look at the development of the nervous system as we can see here on our slides now when we go through we talk about the development of the nervous system what we're going to do is we're going to go through this process called neurolation and we're going to look at the development of the nervous system here so here when we go through this process of neurolation here we're going to see now in this process of neurolation here what we have is uh we're going to go through we're going to look at this whole process of the formation of the neural tube is basically what we're getting at now here okay there we go all right so here now when we go through and we talk about the development of the nervous system first we've got this process of neurolation we want to look at now here what's going to happen is you'll see around the third week uh the third week what's going to happen is the ectoderm thickens here we can move over to the next few slides here we can appreciate now basically uh the dorsal aspect here you can see that ectoderm starts to thicken when the ectoderm starts to thicken it's going to give rise to the neural plate as we can see here so the ectoderm thickens right forming that neural plate at the dorsal midline axis of the embryo at the dorsal midline axis of the embryo now this neural plate that we see here this neural plate now itself is going to invaginate now here you can see when we move over the next slide it invaginates it moves you can see to a more deeper position forming for us what we refer to now as the neural groove the neural groove itself is flanked by the neural folds you can see there on both sides now as this neural groove deepens the superior edges of the neural folds are going to fuse and when they fuse you can see here forming for us our neural tube the neural tube detaches and it sinks to a deeper position so it detaches and it sinks to a deeper position and there then we can see this neural tube and the reason why this neural tube is important is because this neural tube then we're going to see is going to be formed in one week you can see so by the fourth week you can see now that neural tube is formed now this neural tube is important because this neural tube is going to differentiate into the central nervous system it will differentiate into the cns now there's also some neural tube defects that i need you guys to know about now neural tube defects uh here we're going to see we've got uh uh basically we can appreciate the development here in this picture as well going through various stages same thing we can see here and the same thing we're going to see in the next picture and here we can see a couple of neural tube defects that i want you to know about a few first we've got spina bifida second then you've got microcephaly and then we've got an encephaly now spina bifida is going to occur they say it's linked to a folic acid deficiency so folic acid not being plentiful basically in the uh body excuse me at the time of the neural tube formation now here when we talk spina bifida spina bifida you can see here we've got two different types we've got a colton we've got cystica now here what's going to happen in this problem is the vertebrae is going to fail to enclose the spinal cord so the spinal cord is not going to be found enclosed within the vertebra and uh we talk cold occulta it happens uh by affecting one to a few vertebrae and uh there's no functional problems there and then spina bifida cystic is the more severe form where then the sac basically protrudes from that spine uh and you can see basically even these components are going to be found in outside of the vertebra now you've got microcephaly micro the prefix you've got there for small brain and then an encephaly you got there basically these patients have no brain there now when we move over to the next slide you can appreciate an encephaly here and then we've got spina bifida we can appreciate here and also spina bifida in this picture down here as well next on here this uh neural tube is going to be important because this neural tube is going to give rise to the cns but before it gives rise to the cns here we're going to see it's going to form our five uh it's gonna form first our three primary brain vesicles we're gonna go to we're gonna look at and then there those three you can see now are formed uh basically uh right after that fourth week and then the fifth week uh we're going to see here uh our secondary brain vesicles are going to appear and then they're going to differentiate into the second into the adult basically into the adult brain structures that we're going to eventually have we'll say all right so let's go through let's talk about then these are primary brain vesicles so again here you can see the formation of the neural tube same thing happening here and then here you can actually see all the different uh brain structures so when you say brain it's not just one part you can see there's a whole bunch of different parts there now here we can see the neural tube the neural tube now we can see it's going to start to its anterior end starts to take shape and starts to change shape basically there and gives rise to the cns structures so here you can see that neural tube before all of that happens and here you can see the primary brain vesicles actually formed so here we can see now when we talk primary brain vesicles as soon as the neural tube forms its anterior end begins to expand forming the brain and the remainder becomes the spinal cord excuse me the remainder is going to become the spinal cord we've got here first prosencephalon second mesencephalon third then you've got rhombencephalon forebrain midbrain and hindbrain we can say there as well now prosencephalon mesencephalon and roman cephalon are going to give rise to secondary brain vesicles here we can appreciate our five secondary brain vesicles that you're required to know about there then so telecephalon diencephalon mesencephalon continued on and then met encephalin and myelin cephalon you can see there came from rhombencephalon so prosencephalon gave rise to telon telencephalon and diencephala now when you talk secondary brain vesicles you can see these secondary brain vesicles are going to give rise to adult brain structures now those adult brain structures you can appreciate from each secondary brain vesicle you can see right inside of here in the second column here and then you've got the ventricles that are associated with each of those segments here in the last column so when we talk telecephalon telencephalon or your end brain it's going to give rise to the cerebrum talk cerebrum you can see there it consists of your cerebral hemispheres and when you talk cerebral hemispheres your cerebral hemispheres are going to consist of cortex again the outer part the bark white matter and also basal nuclei and we'll go through a look at the cortices white matter and basal nuclei today in greater detail next then we've got our diencephalon when we talk diencephalon diencephalon is also known as the interbrain it gives rise to the thalamus hypothalamus and epithalamus so you can see there diencephalon in the retina diencephalon in the retina and then we've got mesencephalon mesencephalon gives rise to the midbrain that's going to be one segment one division of the brain stem and then met encephalon mettencephalon will give rise to we can see the pons and the cerebellum also going to be formed here and then last we have myelin cephalon myelin cephalon will give rise to the medulla oblongata of the brain stem to the medulla oblongata and then we said the rest is going to give rise to the spinal cord so next up we've got the adult brain structures so you can see all of them listed there and here we can actually appreciate them then throughout development so here you can see in week five you've got these flexures basically this space here the midbrain flexure and then here we've got the cervical flexor and you'll see they're going to start to move basically and then they get eventually occupied by sp brain parts and fully basically occupied and completely disappear there then as we can see there to birth so here then eventually are the uh adult brain structures so they're formed there what's gonna happen now is just the growth is gonna occur and they'll grow too then uh basically their sizes so here let's check out uh the general organization now uh let's check out the adult brain regions uh we've got first the cerebral hemispheres you can appreciate here there's one of the cerebral hemispheres on the other side then would be the other one and then diencephalon you can appreciate right inside of here and then we've got the brain stem which is made up of midbrain pawns and then we said the medulla oblongata and the rest spinal cord so ventricles in we talk ventricles now ventricles i want you to know are going to be fluid filled chambers they are fluid filled continuous enlargements you can think of fluid filled continuous enlargements formed by the central cavity of the neural tube formed by the central cavity of the neural tube so like i said they're continuous with one another they are continuous with one another not only are they continuous with one another but they're also going to be continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord they will also be continuous with the central canal the spinal cord these ventricles we'll see are going to be filled with csf they are filled with cerebral spinal fluid and then they are lined by ependymal cells they are lined by ependymal cells one type of neuroglia that we've gone through we've talked about you should recall so let's go through and let's check out these ventricles in greater detail first we can appreciate here our lateral ventricles now when we talk lateral ventricles the lateral ventricles are going to be found as a pair so from the anterior view you can appreciate both of them there and then from the lateral view you can appreciate both of them there as well so they're found as pair they're paired in the cerebral hemispheres large c shaped chambers like the letter c c shaped chambers anteriorly you can see from the anterior view anteriorly they lie close together you can see here they're found lying close together however they are separated they're going to be separated by the septum pellucidum so they're separated from each other by the septum pellucidum and we'll talk about that in a few seconds now these ventricles are so big they get divided up into different horns so here we're going to be able to appreciate first the anterior horns back here you've got the posterior horns and then down here we've got the inferior horns so septum pellucidum the septum pallucidum i want you to know is a thin median a thin median membrane a transparent wall you could think of next then we have our third ventricle now the third ventricle is a narrow fluid filled chamber it's a narrow fluid filled chamber and the third ventricle is found in the diencephalon and it communicates with the lateral ventricles it communicates with the lateral ventricles and it communicates with the lateral ventricles you can see here from this anterior view via the inter ventricular foramina or the foramen of monroe so you can see there's two of them they allow each of these ventricles to communicate with the third ventricle next then we have the cerebral aqueduct so we're moving down to the fourth ventricle now between the third and the fourth ventricles you have the cerebral aqueduct so the cerebral aqueduct is going to allow third you can say connects the third and the fourth ventricles it's canal-like so hence the name aqueduct next then we've got our fourth ventricle so sorry about that so here when we go through we talk then the fourth ventricle fourth ventricle now we're going to be able to appreciate here very well from the anterior view and then here from this lateral view now we talk fourth ventricle the fourth ventricle is going to be found in the hindbrain so in the hindbrain dorsal to the pawns dorsal to the pawns and superior to the medulla and superior to the medulla so again the third and the fourth ventricle will communicate with one another with each other via the cerebral aqueduct so fourth ventricle is going to be found located dorsal to the pons and superior to the medulla and then here we can appreciate these apertures you've got your lateral apertures and here you can see the median aperture now these apertures are going to basically connect the ventricles to the subarachnoid space to the subarachnoid space and that's a fluid filled space again that's going to be found surrounding the brain and you guys will see that in the next chapter in greater detail now let's look at the central nervous system arrangement let's look at the cns arrangement we're going to basically look at how this white matter and gray matter are going to be organized so here we can go through and we can look at first these different regions of basically the cerebellum the brain stem and then you can see the spinal cord there as well so here now we're looking at the pattern of gray and white matter in the central nervous system now here first you can see we've got the central cavity the central cavity right at the center fluid filled space right we've gone through we've talked about that and we've checked that out now here then you can see surrounding that central cavity is going to be inner gray matter core the inner gray matter core this inner gray matter core is going to be gray matter mostly neuron cell bodies it is again gray matter mostly neuron cell bodies next up we've got the outer white matter you can appreciate then this outer white matter now this outer white matter is going to be white matter again and it's mostly myelinated myelinated fiber tracts myelinated fiber tracts next then we have gray matter nuclei now we talk gray matter nuclei here we're going to be able to go through and we're going to be able to see now when we talk gray matter nuclei now gray matter nuclei are going to be basically found now you can see here at the level of that cerebellum right inside of there and then we've got some more gray matter nuclei you can appreciate here at the level of the brain stem next then we have the cortex of gray matter now we talk cortex of gray matter again that's only going to be appreciated in certain regions here we can see at the region of the cerebellum we've got this cortex of gray matter right outside of there and we will look at this again when we look at and we talk about the cerebral hemispheres so let's go through and let's look at then the cerebral hemispheres now uh the first component of the central nervous system in greater detail so we've got nice view here and then we can appreciate this view here same thing here with these next few views there as well so we talked cerebral hemispheres i want you to know the cerebral hemispheres are going to form the superior part of the brain they form the superior part of the brain they the cerebral hemispheres they cover they cover and they obscure the diencephalon they cover and they obscure the diencephalon and you can see that there very well this is a an image that's showing you actually through the hemispheres but that's not normally what you would find so you could see the cerebral hemispheres are going to cover and obscure the diencephalon and the top of the brain stem and the top of the brain stem now there's markings here that we can appreciate as well now these markings we can appreciate on the hemispheres you can see here very well the gyri now these gyri are elevated ridges of tissue they are elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres now between these gyri you can appreciate sulci now the sulci are going to be shallow grooves they will be shallow grooves that you can appreciate now right inside of there so here all right so here we can appreciate then again gyrai and the sulkai so when we talk sulci sulci are going to be again we've got uh play from current slide so when we talk sulci soka are going to be the shallow grooves the shallow grooves you can appreciate in between these elevated ridges of tissue between these gyri now when we talk fissures fissures then are going to be deeper grooves they will be deeper grooves or you can think of a deep sulci or a deep sulci next in here we've got two fissures so deeper grooves or a deep sulci now these fissures we'll see there's two of them that i want you to know about first you're going to be able to appreciate you've got longitudinal fissure now the longitudinal fissure is found separating the cerebral hemispheres at the midline so first fissure you have is a longitudinal fissure the longitudinal fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres at the midline next then you have your transverse cerebral fissure now the transverse cerebral fissure is going to be found now separating the cerebral hemispheres you can see above found separating the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum below from the cerebellum below so two major fissures we want to cover there as well and we have a lateral sulcus we'll talk about also you can appreciate right inside of here so we'll talk sulci as we progress as well next then let's go through and let's talk and let's look at the divisions the of the brain the cerebral of the cerebral hemispheres into lobes so let's see how they're divided up into lobes here you're going to be able to appreciate basically all the different lobes i'd like you to know about here you've got the frontal lobe we're going to go through we're going to check out we're going to talk about that we're going to see the parietal lobe and then we've got the occipital lobe and then here we've got the temporal lobe and then the fifth lobe is going to be the insula the insula so here you can see now five lobes in total there's five lobes in total they're divided by the sulci divided and separated uh from one another by the sulci and they're named these lobes are named for the cranial bones that overly them they're named for the cranial bones that overly them first you've got the frontal lobe frontal lobe now is going to be separated from the parietal lobe thanks to the central sulcus so here you can appreciate the central sulcus you can see it's found separating that frontal lobe from the parietal lobe next then we're going to be able to appreciate that parietal lobe the parietal lobe you can see here very nicely now in relation to the frontal lobe and parietal lobe we've got your pre central gyrus and your post central gyrus pre-central gyrus you can see is going to be found anterior to the central sulcus so you gotta listen to the terms pre-central gyrus anterior to the central sulcus postcentral gyrus dorsal posterior to that central sulcus and they're going to be two important structures we're going to go through we're going to talk about so there is your parietal lobe parietal lobe then is separated from this occipital lobe thanks to the parietal occipital sulcus thanks to the parietal occipital sulcus next then we've got the occipital lobe you can appreciate at the most dorsal aspect there then of the cerebral hemispheres and here coming out laterally you've got the temporal lobe now the temporal lobe you've got the lateral sulcus in relation to the temporal lobe this lateral sulcus is going to be found separating this temporal lobe from the frontal lobe and this parietal lobe so it separates frontal and parietal lobes from that temporal lobe then the fifth lobe is the insula in order to appreciate the insula we're going to have to basically move all those various segments over and here you can see the insula is going to be found buried deep within that lateral sulcus so buried deep within the lateral sulcus and it's going to form part of the floor it forms you can see there part of the floor let's go through and let's look at the cortices let's talk about the cerebral cortices so we talk cerebral cortices moving back to this diagram here we can appreciate again all of this outer bark region is basically uh what it's described as uh looking like or similar to so that's what we're going to go through we're going to check out we're going to look at now the cortices now the cerebral cortices i want you to know very important region here that's what we're going to go through we're going to talk about it the cerebral cortices they enable us to be aware of ourselves they're going to allow us to be aware of ourselves our sensations our sensations they're going to allow us to communicate the cortices will allow us to communicate remember understand and initiate voluntary movements and initiate voluntary movements now the cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter it's composed of gray matter neurons cell bodies dendrites glial cells and blood vessels no fiber tracts no fiber tracts let's first discuss the motor areas so the cortices that are responsible for motor innervation now we talk motor areas they're going to control voluntary movements so we talk motor areas first you have what we call the primary motor cortex so here we can appreciate now from this view here the primary motor cortex now we talk primary motor cortex primary motor cortex is going to be found located on the pre-central gyrus of each hemisphere in the frontal lobe so primary motor cortex located on the pre central gyrus of each hemisphere in the frontal lobe function function of the primary cortex of the primary motor cortex so right inside here you can see the function of the primary motor cortex is going to be that it consciously controls precise it will consciously control precise or skilled voluntary movements of our skeletal muscles we have pyramidal cells here these pyramidal cells are large neurons they're large neurons whose fibers are going to leave the cortex and connect to other parts of the cns then we have the term somatotropy there basically there we're talking about how different uh uh body basically regions we have been mapped out so basically when we talk somatotrophy it's talking about the mapping out of the body in the cns structures so for example we're going to see which part of the cortex is going to be responsible for providing innervation motor innervation to the foot to the elbow to the face okay so here you can see we've got the monopolist that goes through and depicts that here very well for us so you've got to be able to understand now if there's an injury to this area here these parts of the body are going to have motor innervation being affected there and as you progress out laterally you can see the different parts of the body that these different parts of the brain are going to control next then we've got the pre-motor cortex now when we talk pre-motor cortex you can see the pre-motor cortex now the pre-motor cortex is going to be found located anterior to the pre-central gyrus anterior to the pre-central gyrus or you can see anterior to the primary motor cortex it's the same exact thing there in the frontal lobe in the frontal lobe now the functions the functions of this premotor cortex i'd like you to know about now are going to be that it controls it controls learned motor skills of a repetitious or patterned nature such as playing a musical instrument or typing dancing even where the coordination of several muscle groups is going to be required so it coordinates the movement of several muscle groups next we can appreciate broca's area when we talk broca's area broca's area is present in the left hemisphere only it's present in the left hemisphere only it's found lying anterior to the inferior region of the pre-motor area anterior to the inferior region of the pre-motor area its function then the function of broca's area is that it directs the muscles involved in speech production next thing we have our frontal eye field when we talk about the frontal eye field the frontal eye field is located partially in and anterior to the pre-motor cortex partially anterior to the pre-motor cortex and superior to broca's area and superior to broca's area so here you can appreciate in red the frontal eye field now we talk frontal eye field functions it controls voluntary movements of the eyes it will control voluntary movements of the eyes so controls voluntary movement of the eyes so those are our motor areas as you can see they're being depicted in red let's move them to the sensory areas now the sensory areas are going to be concerned with conscious awareness of sensation they will be concerned with conscious awareness of sensation so it's going to be the dark and the light blue areas let's talk first the primary somatosensory cortex when we talk primary somatosensory cortex it's going to be found located in the post-central gyrus so it's found located in the post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe found located in the post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe posterior to the primary motor cortex posterior to the primary motor cortex now we talk function the function we'll see you can see primary somatosensory cortex so when we talk function function is going to be that it receives information it receives information from the general sensory receptors it receives sensory information so it's receiving information from the general sensory receptors in the skin and from proprio receptors and also from proprio receptors these are gonna be receptors that are found in relation to your skeletal muscle to your joints and to your tendons so all this information is going to make its way then to our primary somatosensory cortex so it receives information from our general sensory receptors that are found located throughout the skin and also from our proprio receptors then again somatotrophy we've got here as well so just like we saw with motor innervation we've got the same thing happening with sensory innervation and you can see that homonculus right inside of there same thing you can see here again the same thing you can see there as well i just like these images a little bit better so i've kept them there same thing here as well so sensation you can see to all the different areas starting with this area that's just uh you can see within that longitudinal fissure you've got it controlling the genitals all the way to the feet and then coming around the ankles and you can see making your way around laterally now you can see the different uh parts of the body being basically a responsible sending sensory information to that part of the brain so let's move to then your somatosensory association cortex to the somatosensory association cortex now when we talk somatosensory association cortex it's found lying it's found lying posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex it's found lying posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex that we just talked about so right back here you can see the somatosensory association cortex now we talk somatosensory association cortex its function its function is to integrate sensory input it will integrate sensory input basically temperature and pressures to produce an understanding then it integrates sensory inputs to produce an understanding even if you stick your hands in your pocket you say okay here uh sensory receptors are giving you this information okay here i've got chapstick here are my keys here's a dime here's a quarter you know here's a dollar bill uh you know i don't know is it five a 20 or that i mean we're not that good with but at least we know this is money or you know maybe even regular paper you could confuse it for uh there as well so again the somatosensor the somatosensory association cortex is going to integrate sensory inputs to help produce then an understanding so it integrates uh basically this information from the objects that are being felt or seen or temperature being sensed and then it helps to produce that understanding next thing we have our primary visual cortex now our primary visual cortex is going to be found located at the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe at the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe so at the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe and here you can see that right inside of here i'm going to move over to another view this other view is going to be basically a nice medial cut along that longitudinal fissure and you're going to be able to see this here very well so this parasagital view we can say here you can see the rest of that primary visual cortex so when we talk primary visual cortex i told you it's at the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe but most of it is going to be buried deep in the calcarine sulcus so it's buried deep in that calcarine sulcus in the medial of in the medial aspect of that occipital lobe so on that medial aspect of the occipital lobe so again extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe but most of it is buried deep in that calcrine sulcus in the medial aspect of that occipital lobe another function let's talk function function of this primary visual cortex so coming back out you can see primary visual cortex right inside of there again and then you can see the majority of it is buried deep within that calcium sulcus so it receives visual information that originates on the retina of the eye it receives visual information that originates on the retina of the eye next then we have our visual association area so moving back out you can appreciate the visual association area there as well moving back out you can see our visual association area it's found surrounding the primary visual cortex it is found surrounding the primary visual cortex and covers most of that occipital lobe as you can see and it covers most of that occipital lobe when we talk function we talk function you'll see it's going to use past visual experiences it will use past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli enabling us then to recognize what we are seeing enabling us to recognize what we are seeing next we can appreciate the primary auditory cortex the primary auditory cortex now we talk primary auditory cortex the primary auditory cortex is going to be found located at the superior margin of the temporal lobe at the superior margin of the temporal lobe you can see that there very nicely and they say it's a budding right next to a budding or a a budding or right next to a b u t t i n g a butting or right next to the lateral sulcus the function of the primary auditory cortex you'll see its function now is that it interprets sound for pitch it will interpret sound for pitch loudness and location loudness and location and then you can see right next to it uh is the auditory association area so we talk a auditory association area this auditory association area is going to be found posterior to the primary auditory cortex so just posterior to so you can think lateral and posterior to the primary auditory cortex now the auditory association area it permits the perception of sound stimulus as speech a scream and music or even music so it's going to permit the perception of sound stimuli as speech a scream or music being played this is where we store sound memories and this is where we store sound memories these association areas next we've got our primary olfactory cortex now we talk primary olfactory cortex it's involved with the sense of smell it's going to be found located on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe found located on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe on the piriform lobe they also refer to it as so we'll look at that in a few seconds now this primary olfactory cortex when you look at its shape you'll see it's got like a hook part to it it's got like this part that looks like a hook to it and it's called it's a little hook-like part that's called an ankus you can see that here very well so here's the primary olfactory cortex and then here's the unkiss the hook like part of it right inside of there function primary olfactory cortex its function is to give us conscious awareness of different odors it will give us conscious awareness of different odors next then we have the gustatory cortex and we talk gustatory cortex the gustatory cortex is when we talk location you'll see the gustatory cortex is in the insula deep to the temporal lobe so here you can see gustatory cortex in the insula deep to the temporal lobe function of the gustatory cortex function is that it's involved in the perception of taste stimuli it is involved in the perception of taste stimuli next time we've got our visceral sensory area now our visceral sensory area you can't see so when you talk location i'll tell you location location is going to be the cortex of the insula cortex of the insula posterior to the gustatory cortex you can't actually see it but it's described as being at the cortex of the insula posterior to the gustatory cortex when we talk function function of this visceral sensory area is it's involved in the perception of visceral sensations it is involved in the perception of visceral sensations upset stomach full bladder let's say for example all thanks to then this visceral sensory area next we have our vestibular cortex then we talk vestibular cortex vestibular cortex you'll see is going to be involved in maintaining equilibrium maintaining equilibrium so when we talk vestibular cortex the vestibular cortex the location again unknown exact location unknown exact location can't see it however we believe it's posterior it's at the posterior part of the insula it's at the posterior part of the insula and adjacent to the parietal cortex and adjacent to the parietal cortex when we talk function function you'll see it's going to be involved in the awareness of balance it's involved in the awareness of balance and the position of the head in space and the position of our head in space next then we have our multimodal association areas now when we talk about our multimodal association areas i'd like you to know there's a couple of different uh parts here we're gonna go through we're gonna look at first we have what we call the anterior association area the anterior association area is also known as the prefrontal cortex again prefrontal cortex remember we're still talking about the corteses so the prefrontal cortex you can appreciate here then in pink purple pink pink i think yeah i guess this is like that gold dress or shoe or whatever it was and they know the color or even the object so forget that or a black dress or whatever it was there so you can appreciate the anterior association area here then or prefrontal cortex we also refer to it as now again the location on the frontal lobe now when you talk function function is that it's involved with intellect it's involved with intellect complex learning abilities recall our ability to recall and personality and personality next then is the posterior association area now you can look at the posterior association area and you can appreciate that right back here is the same color there now as well as the anterior association area when we talk posterior association area it's a large region encompassing you can see the temporal lobe parietal lobe and parts of the occipital lobe function function of this posterior association area is that it recognizes patterns and faces it recognizes patterns and faces localizing us and our surroundings localizing us and our surroundings now wernicke's area just like broca's area are found on the left hemisphere only both only present on the left hemisphere so we talk wernicke's area wernicke's area is involved in understanding or you can say it's involved in the recognition of written and spoken language so it's involved in understanding written and spoken language i can't see myself when i'm recording so i don't know you know what i look like or what's going on i find out afterwards sorry i don't know lighting or anything i tried to fix it the best i could before i started but we'll see afterwards so wernicke's area present on the left hemisphere only just like we said with broca's area as well okay so next let's move down let's talk uh limbic association area let's talk olympic association area so here then we can move and again look at this is all we've talked about is the cortices so you see just that outer border highlighted there same thing here as well limbic system let's talk limbic association system so here uh olympic association area now when we talk olympic association area it's going to include a few structures so it's going to include the cingulate gyrus it will include the cingulate gyrus it'll include the amygdala the amygdala and the hippocampus so the prominent components making up this limbic system are going to be the amygdala cingulate gyrus and the hippocampus now the function the function is it's involved with emotion and memory it's involved with emotion and memory okay you can say kind of it provides us with the emotional impact that makes a scene important to us so emotion and memory we had the term ipsilateralization that we used before now the term lateralization is there now when we talk lateralization and contralateralization basically it's going into and it's talking about how some parts of the body their function is going to be controlled by the same side brain or sometimes when we talk contralateralization you'll see the right side brain will control parts on the left side so that's basically what these two terms there are in reference to next then let's move down to white matter cerebral white matter and we talk cerebral white matter it's going to consist mainly of myelinated fibers mainly of myelinated fibers so here's a good view depicting that to us there and we can see the same thing right inside of here besides beta nuclei and same thing we can see here now when we talk cerebral white matter its function is that it's involved it's responsible for communication it's responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower cns structures so responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower cns centers here you have commissures i want you to be familiar with them we talk common shores common shores are going to be basically helping to connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres they help connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres enabling them to function as a coordinated whole enabling them to function as a coordinated whole there is a couple of different types of commissures that you'll have to know about the first type are going to be is going to be your corpus callosum now we talked corpus callosum here you can appreciate the corpus callosum from this view here where they've done uh basically you can see there a nice coronal cut and through this coronal cut now you can appreciate those commissural fibers but in order to appreciate this commissure in greater detail what we can do is we can move over to this picture right inside of here you can see that corpus callosum right inside of there so look at this image versus this image this detailed image of those fibers so corpus callosum it's the largest commissure located superior to the lateral ventricle located superior to the lateral ventricles and deep in the longitudinal fissure and deep in the longitudinal fissure we also have anterior and posterior commissures here we're going to be able to appreciate then the anterior and posterior commissures here we've got the anterior commissure again connecting corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres here we've got the posterior commissures right inside of there and they're less prominent chroma less prominent commissures compared to that corpus callosum next i'll move back to this image and we can see the association fibers and we talk association fibers now the association fibers are going to connect different parts of the same hemispheres so here you can see in that pink or bright kind of a pink you can see all of these various association fibers so again these association fibers they're going to connect different parts of the same hemispheres some are long and some are going to be short but they connect different parts of the same hemisphere then you have your projection fibers when we talk projection fibers the projection fibers are going to be sending sensory information to the cerebral cortex they'll send sensory information to the cerebral cortex and they take motor output and take motor output so here you can appreciate those association fibers uh we saw here and now here are the projection fibers all projection fibers up this way and up this way here now in relation to these projection fibers you've got a couple of divisions or a couple structures in relation to them first you've got the internal capsule now the internal capsule you can appreciate right inside of here and right inside of here basically it's a it's a it's a collection or a compact band of projection fibers it's a collection of projection fibers found at the top of the brain stem found right at the top of the brain stem so you can see here you've got the medulla you've got the pawns and then we're going to have the midbrain and then right up here commissures you're going to have the peduncles the cerebellar peduncles and then right inside of here if we're moving a little bit more anterior right and then here you can appreciate the internal capsules and then here as you continue up further into the cortices you can appreciate this fan like radiating fan like radiating pattern of these projection fibers that's the corona radiati the corona radiati so the fan like fibers radiating through the cerebral white matter to reach the cortex next then we have our basal nuclei we talk basal nuclei basal nuclei are going to be masses of cereb masses of cerebral gray matter masses of cerebral gray matter embedded deep in the white matter embedded deep in the white matter so first we have the corpus triatum we talk corpus striatum corpus striatum it's consists of the lentiform nucleus and the caudate nucleus let's talk caudate nucleus caudate nucleus then you can appreciate just inferior to the lateral ventricles bilaterally on both sides and then we've got the lentiform nucleus the lentiform nucleus you can see inferior to that caudate nucleus on both sides it's made up of the putamen and the globus pallidus the putamen and the globus pallidus putamen and globus pallidus now the function of this whole basal nuclei the whole function of the basal nuclei is that it influences muscle movement influences muscle movement so motor control and it helps to regulate attention and cognition it helps to regulate attention and cognition it's also going to regulate the intensity of slow or stereotyped movements and it inhibits antagonistic and unnecessary movements and it will help inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movements so this will conclude then this first part of chapter 15 and the last part of 13 there you