19th Century Philippines: Economic Context

Introduction

Initiated in 1565 by Spanish colonizers.
Ports of Manila closed to all but Mexico, leading to the Manila-Acapulco trade.
Key exports:
- Chinese tea and textiles
- Mango de Manila, tamarind, rice
- Carabao, cockfighting, tuba, fireworks
Key imports from Mexico:
- Guava, avocado, papaya, pineapple, horses, cattle
Established Manila as a major trading hub for Asia.
Significant Chinese migration due to trade; led to tensions and massacres in the 17th century.
Trade introduced modern liberal ideas, inspiring independence movements.

Officially opened on November 17, 1869.
Constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps (1859-1869).
Reduced travel time from Spain to Manila to 32-40 days.
Major advantages for commercial enterprises in Europe and East Asia.
Facilitated the importation of liberal ideas, books, and magazines.
Stimulated nationalistic desires among Filipinos, particularly Jose Rizal and other ilustrados.
Encouraged education abroad, influencing thoughts on politics and government.

Transition from maritime trading to agricultural exports.
Development of export crops such as sugar, Manila hemp, and coffee.
Increased opportunities for the Chinese population in the Philippines.
The export crop industry fueled by North European and North American merchants.
Chinese played a crucial role as agents in distributing imports and exporting goods.

Economic context of the 19th century shaped by historical events leading to modernization and national awakening.
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