AP World History Review: Units 4-6 🌍

General Information

• Event: Night 2 Review for AP World History Exam (Focusing on Units 4-6)
• Duration: 90 minutes
• Content Posted: Recording available afterwards
• Shoutout Section: Super Chats to be submitted before 9:30 PM Eastern Time

Key Concepts by Unit

Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections (1450-1750)

Big Idea 1: Maritime Technology and Empires

• New Maritime Technology: Facilitated trade, sea-based empires emergence
  • Maritime Definition: Sea-based
  • Technologies: Astrolabe, Magnetic Compass, Latine Sail
  • Ship Designs: Caravel (Portuguese), Fluyt (Dutch)

Big Idea 2: State-Sponsored Exploration

• Reasons for Exploration: Wealth, Spread of Christianity, Competition
  • Wealth: Indian Ocean trade influence, circumventing Muslim-controlled land routes
  • Spread of Christianity: Strong political ties within Europe
  • Competition: Influence of mercantilism
• First Movers: Portugal and Spain
  • Portuguese Trading Post Empire: Strategic trading posts around Africa, Indian Ocean
  • Spanish Exploration: Christopher Columbus's voyages led to increased transatlantic interest

Big Idea 3: Columbian Exchange

• Transfer: Animals, plants, foods, diseases between Europe and the Americas
  • Examples: Maize to Europe, Wheat/Rice to Americas, Horses (Americas)
  • Diseases: Smallpox devastated indigenous populations
• Spain and Portugal in the Americas: Colonization focusing on agriculture and coerced labor

Big Idea 4: European Empires and Coerced Labor

• Empires Fueled by Mercantilism
  • Portugal in Goa, Malacca; British Control in India by East India Company
  • Spain in the Americas: Encomienda and Hacienda systems for coerced labor

Big Idea 5: Economic and Social Changes

• Impacts: Joint-stock companies, increased trade, religion conflicts, syncretism
  • Examples: British East India Company, Triangular Trade, religious syncretism

Big Idea 6: Resistance and Rebellion

• Responses: Maratha Rebellion (India), Pueblo Revolt (Americas)

Big Idea 7: Social Hierarchies and Cultural Changes

• Maintained Systems: Qing Dynasty civil service exam
  • Changed Systems: Spanish Casta system

Unit 5: Revolutions (1750-1900)

Big Idea 1: Enlightenment Changes

• Shift: Belief to empirical data/observation
  • Key Figures: John Locke (Natural Rights), Rousseau (Social Contract)
  • Reform Movements: Women's suffrage, abolitionism

Big Idea 2: Nationalism and Revolutions

• Revolutions Inspired by Enlightenment and Nationalism
  • Examples: American, French, Haitian, Latin American revolutions
  • Key Documents: Declaration of Independence, Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Big Idea 3: Industrial Revolution

• Changes: Manual to machine manufacturing, rise of factories
  • Key Factors: Proximity to waterways, coal/iron resources, urbanization
  • Technologies: Steam engines, latter internal combustion engines

Big Idea 4: Industrialization's Spread and Impact

• Spread to: U.S., Russia, Japan (Meiji Restoration)
  • Effect: Decline of non-industrial states' global manufacturing share

Big Idea 5: New Technologies

• Phases: First (Textile focus, steam engines), Second (Steel focus, internal combustion engines)
  • Transportation and Communication: Railroads, telegraph

Big Idea 6: Economic Policy Shifts

• Transition from Mercantilism to Capitalism
  • Key Figures: Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations)
  • New Corporations: Transnational businesses (e.g., Unilever)

Big Idea 7: Reforms and Reactions

• Labor Unions and Workers' Rights
  • Thinkers/Radicals: Karl Marx (Scientific Socialism, Communism)
  • Reforms: Minimum wage, labor laws, etc.

Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization (1750-1900)

Big Idea 1: Ideologies and Imperialism

• Cultural Beliefs: Superiority, Social Darwinism, Christian missionary spread
  • Economic: Need for raw materials, new markets

Big Idea 2: Means of Power Consolidation and Expansion

• Nonstate to State Control: Belgian Congo, British India
  • New Powers: U.S., Russia, Japan
  • Berlin Conference: Diplomatic division of Africa
  • Settler Colonies: British in New Zealand, French in Algeria

Big Idea 3: Resistance

• Forms: Direct resistance (Túpac Amaru II in Peru), creation of new states (Balkan Peninsula)
  • Religious Responses: Ghost Dance (U.S.), Xhosa Cattle Killing (Southern Africa)

Big Idea 4: Imperial Economic Impact

• Shift to Cash Crop Farming: Coffee, rubber, sugar, cattle ranching
  • Colonial Economies Serving Metropole Needs: Resource extraction, new markets

Big Idea 5: Economic Imperialism

• Example of Opium Wars in China: British economic domination without direct control
  • Colonial Economies: Driven by industrialized nation investments (e.g., railroads in colonies)

Big Idea 6: Migration Patterns

• Causes: Need for work (Indentured servitude, contract labor), bad conditions (e.g., Irish Potato Famine)
  • Effects: Urbanization, ethnic enclaves, transnational movements
  • Transport: Railroads, steamboats
  • Reception: Generally faced discrimination (e.g., Chinese Exclusion Act in the U.S.)

Shoutouts

• Comprehensive listing of various teacher shoutouts submitted during live Super Chat

Conclusion

• Preparation advice: Get good rest, practice FRQs, review guide for deeper detail
• Upcoming: Final review of last unit night before exam