hi everybody and welcome back to miss Angler's biology class I am Miss angler in today's video we are going to be looking over the chloroplast the organal that is responsible for photosynthesis in this particular video we are going to look at the basic structure we are going to look at how they're going to ask some questions on photosynthesis around the chloroplast now this particular video is an introduction to the section of photosynthesis as well but you can watch this video if you are in grade eight and nine if you are in grade 11 later on I will tag the videos that you're going to watch after this if you're going to be learning about for example the light and dark phase in photosynthesis now if you are new here don't forget to give this video a thumbs up and make sure you're subscribed with the notifications turned on because I post every Tuesday and Thursday and if you are in grade 11 and 12 you should think about getting my cheat sheet study guide which is available on Miss anger. co. it makes your life so easy it really like condenses it I mean the biggest complaint is there's so much to learn in life sciences how can I make it easier well that's the point of the cheat sheet so let's begin going over the basic structure of our chloroplast now I want to remind you that no matter what grade you are in you could be asked to draw or label or identify any of these structures it's one of the most commonly asked questions when it comes to drawing organel is to draw a chloroplast so let's go through our major structures and what they do first things first we have the outer membrane now I want to remind you that a membrane remember controls what enters and exits our uh cell but also in this case what enters and exits the chloroplast so whenever you see membrane I want you to think of exit or entrance right but then you'll notice we have a second membrane now this can be confusing because we wonder well if we're already checking what's going in and out why do we need another membrane we need another membrane because of surface area and that is why there is two of them there are so many important reactions taking place inside the chloroplast that you need two membranes in order to make sure that you have enough surface area so that they're all happening simultaneously the next structure I want to draw your attention to is a real star of the show and that is going to be the thid now the thid is these stacked sort of um coin like structures that we see over here so one phid if we draw it from the side kind of looks like a singular a singular coin and then if we stack the thids on top of each other we make something called a grum now a grum means one stack so that means if I add on a few more more in my drawing here this becomes a granum if there are many of these granum we use the word gr which is literally a plural for a plural if that makes sense so aoid is one a granum is a stack of thids and many granum are called gr I know it can get a little bit confusing because of these words but we really got to be on top of our game when it comes to terminology now why are phids the star of the show well they are the ones that contain the chlorophyll and they are where major steps towards creating glucose and sugar that's where it happens that's where the magic happens inside the phids now the phids are not sitting in an empty space they're actually in like a a gel liquid like substance called the stroma please be very careful with the spelling here you do get something called a sto let me just spell it for you so you can see it here sto the sto is part of the stata please make sure that you put that letter r in when you are spelling stroma because very often we by accident leave it out and we end up spelling sto and that's very very very problematic moving on to our stroma Lela now in different textbooks this is called different things maybe in your textbook it's called interr Lamela or middle Lamela or just Lamela they're all the same thing and they are all acceptable to be interchangeable last but not least this picture uh has a little intermembrane space that one is like an optional label it's very rare for you to include that um and so I don't think it's necessary for you to do so now if you are ever asked why are chloroplasts structured the way they are remember it's all about surface area they are flattened they are dis shaped they have double membranes and it all comes back to providing enough surface area so that many reactions can take place at once now I wanted to also include a micrograph of what chloroplasts look like inside cells and so if I just outline here a plant cell here is a lovely plant cell with it cell wall and as you can see here we have thousands of chloroplast and even if we zoom in a bit closer you will be able to see them and so each one of these is a chloroplast inside of that would be all the structures that we've just identified now now it's at this point we need to quickly unpack photosynthesis now if you are in grade 11 the next video you need to watch is light independent and light dependent phases in photosynthesis and I've tagged that video above now for you to go and watch after this one if you are in a junior grade you can still watch this part here because it's still relevant because you still need to know the photosynthesis equation now when we talk about photosynthesis remember it is the process whereby we take the following substances we are going to take water and we are going to take carbon dioxide side and we are going to produce glucose and we are going to produce oxygen and in order to get from point A to point B we're going to need two substances we are going to need sunlight and we are going to need chlorophyll now that we have our little equation here this is the process of photosynthesis where it occurs is inside the thilo covid so if we have a look at our little diagram alongside you will see that we've zoomed in on a chloroplast over here and you can see that light is moving into our thids now this is an important thing that our grade 11 would need to know and that is photosynthesis is divided into two parts and the first part takes place inside of our phids and it requires light and this is really important you must know where this reaction takes place it takes place inside the thilo quids however there is a second step to photosynthesis and this second step also known over here as the Calvin cycle that takes place in the stroma that means not all photosynthesis takes place in the same place and that is really really important to know especially when you're in the older grades and you need to differentiate app where this is occurring now when working with photosynthesis it's really important to know what the words mean if we use the words products or we use reagent or we use um site of photosynthesis what does that all mean I need you to know that the products of photosynthesis are going to be glucose and oxygen whereas the substrates are going to be water and carbon dioxide and I also would like you to know one last little thing that this equation can be reversed which means we can actually go in the opposite direction except instead of using chlorophyll and sunlight we are going to use the mitochondria and we are going to use energy so essentially photosynthesis is complementary to cellular respiration if you know the cellular respiration formula you will know it's exactly the same as this one in terms of the substances the only difference is that obviously cellular respiration does not have chlorophyll or sunlight in it but the substances the water common dioxide glucose and oxygen those are exactly the same so they're actually complimentary processes to one another now as always I like to finish off these lessons with a terminology recap and we've got just a little bit of terminology at the very beginning we spoke about chloroplasts and the fact that chloroplasts are where you know photosynthesis occurs it's the cite of photosynthesis and chloroplasts are filled with those coin-- like structures called thids now when you stack many thids on top of each other you produce a granum and those granum or Grana they are not in a dry empty space the chloroplasts are filled with a like gel liquid like Matrix or fluid which which we call the stroma the stroma is where some photosynthetic reactions take place just like the ones that take place in the thid they complement one another and they work together in order to produce those sugars and the oxygen gas that it gives off and last but not least um we spoke about interana Lamela remember that was the one where you could get different kinds depending on your textbook basically the ingana Lamela is the these in between connections between your phids they connect one thilo covid to another in some textbooks they just call them Lamela they call them inter Lamela they all mean the same thing as long as you see the word Lamela we're talking about the same structure now if you like this video don't forget to give it a thumbs up and make sure you're subscribed with your notifications turned on and I will see you all again soon bye