Atelectasis: Symptoms and Causes

Overview

• Atelectasis is the collapse of a lung or part of a lung (lobe) due to loss of air in the alveoli.
• Common post-surgery complication and can result from other respiratory issues like cystic fibrosis, lung tumors, chest injuries, fluid in the lung, or respiratory weakness.
• Can be caused by inhaling foreign objects.
• Makes breathing difficult, particularly for those with pre-existing lung disease.
• Treatment varies depending on the cause and severity.
• Differs from pneumothorax, which involves air leaking into the space between the lung and chest wall.

Symptoms

• May be asymptomatic or include:
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Rapid, weak breathing
  • Wheezing
  • Coughing
• Seek immediate medical attention for sudden breathing difficulties.

Causes

• Obstructive Atelectasis: Blocked airway causes this type.

  • Mucus Plug: Build-up of sputum or phlegm, often post-surgery due to reduced coughing.
  • Foreign Body: Common in children inhaling objects like peanuts or small toys.
  • Tumor: Growth in the airway, malignant or benign.

• Nonobstructive Atelectasis: Caused by external lung pressure.

  • Injury: Chest trauma can lead to inadequate deep breathing due to pain.
  • Pleural Effusion: Fluid accumulation between lung pleura and chest wall.
  • Pneumonia: Lung infections can result in atelectasis.
  • Pneumothorax: Air leaks causing lung collapse.
  • Scarring: From injury, disease, or surgery.
  • Tumor: Large tumors compressing the lung.

Risk Factors

• Conditions affecting swallowing
• Prolonged bed rest
• Lung diseases: Asthma, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis
• Recent abdominal or chest surgery
• General anesthesia
• Weak respiratory muscles (e.g., muscular dystrophy)
• Medications causing weak breathing
• Painful conditions (e.g., broken rib)
• Smoking

Complications

• Low blood oxygen (hypoxemia): Compromises oxygen delivery to alveoli.
• Pneumonia: Risk persists until atelectasis is resolved; mucus can lead to infection.
• Respiratory failure: Especially dangerous in infants or those with existing lung conditions.

Prevention

• To prevent airway blockages in children, keep small objects out of reach.
• Adults should discuss risk reduction strategies with doctors prior to surgery, including breathing exercises and muscle training.

For more information, consult your healthcare provider or visit the Mayo Clinic website.