chapter 28 is going to continue with the female reproductive system and we'll start with Anatomy before we start looking at the functions so the function and purpose of the female reproductive system and it structure is going to be not only to produce the develop the gametes and produce those hormones but also we're going to see that there will be nurturing and development of the embryo and continue beyond birth these are the structures of the female reproductive system that we are going to be looking at this is a very nice comprehensive picture showing the structures that we'll be covering most of them for the female reproductive system so you can come back and check this and we'll bounce back and forth as we're going through this PowerPoint let's start by looking at some of these structures so we've got the uterus of the female and we see extending from that we've got our unine tubes and then the over iies now there are various ligaments and membranes and tissues that are associated with the female reproductive system in our fetal pigs we do not see all of these we used to see more when we were doing adult animals such as the cats one ligament that we would see is this broad ligament that is going to be an association with these organs and it was a very fine membrane almost almost spider webbish and um of course it would get uh destroyed very quickly as our dissection and we do not see this in our fetal pigs now there are two areas that are going to create Pockets with the placement of the uterus in this abdominal pelvic cavity so we have a recto uterine pouch and a v veso uterine pouch let's go back to that picture and point them out so here we can see the two pouches one between the uterus and the rectum and the other between the bladder and the uterus so these would be relevant uh if there was for instance and something building up a fluid build up or something in the abdominal pelvic cavity the ovaries are the gonads of the female reproductive system they purpose is to produce the gamt which are the oos sites and the ovary will also be responsible for releasing hormones that are specific to the reproductive functioning there are other membranous and connective tissue layers I'm not going to spend uh a significant amount of time here however the suspensory ligament uh is an interesting structure that once again we were able to see in our adult animal dissections and not in the fetal and it was a ligament it was not very large but it was strong like dental floss perhaps it would attach or suspend the ovary from the body wall hilum is going to be a term that refers to an area on an organ where we see vessels enter and exit we did see this with our lymph node and once again here and we will also see this with the kidney and the lungs there are are epithelia tissues associated with the surr surrounding these ovary and also if we look at the tissues within the ovary the stroma is going to include the area where the follicles are going to be maturing in the outer cortex medulla is going to be a central region as we see these terms associated with many organs then we can move to the uterine tubes many of us would think of these uterine tubes as the floian tubes so the portion of these uterine tubes that are in proximity to the ovary are going to have these Fringe like or finger like extensions that we call fim so the fimbr are not actually attached to the ovary there is a gap or a space there and we'll talk about the transport of the oite from the ovary into the uterine tubes in a bit this tissue is ciliated and that's going to assist with the movement of the oite then we move into the widened area ampula once again ampula is a term that we hear in different organs and it's going to refer to a widened area and then the passageway or the ismus that's going to take the transport that oite to the uterus the lining of these uterine tubes tubes as we mentioned is going to be cated so that's a term that we learned about in 168 the cells so here we can see these the ciliated in order to help move that oide or perhaps um any other uh sperm or anything that needs some assistance there is also another type of cell present in the uterine 2 these are called Peg cells so the peg cells are going to secrete a fluid so the Peg cell for instance here this is a Peg cell and here's another one they are going to release a fluid that's going to have several purposes the peg cells are going the secretion from the peg cells is going to provide nutrients to the sperm that can survive in the female reproductive day track for several days or if the oite and the sperm fertilize then we have a zygote a fertilized egg and that zygote will need nourishment as well the fluid from the peg cells is unique and it also is going to provide that final step of capacitation of the sperm and if we remember from chapter 28 with the male capacitation is that two-step process by which the physically mature sperm becomes mobile or they are able to mobilize themselves they are not dependent on external cyia and perosis as they had been previously this is we are not going to go into details of this but the capacitation essentially will involve changes in the membrane of the sperm so permeability of uh the membrane to ions and then you're going to have uh changes in physiology is what will is to is occurring with the capacitation so once again we see that the oite is not able to propel itself so it's going to be dependent on the cyia and peristaltic movements created by smooth muscle in order to move the O site along through the uterine tubes it's stated that fertilization primarily is going to occur along this uterine tube with the ampula and the ismus the uterus is going to be suspended by several different ligaments in order to give it support in all different directions so you can see we have ligaments that are going to attach anteriorly and then laterally and posteriorly in order to give it support the uterus the main portion of the uterus is going to be the body the Dom part of the top is going to be the fundus just like we saw with the stomach fundus means Dome shape so that's going to be the the Dome shaped portion at the top of the uterus we're going to see that this body will narrow and then this becomes the ithos the vessels or vasculature that extend to the uterus and into the ovaries also are going to be branching off of what we looked at previously in the lab so we can see here that our uterus is going to receive the vasculature that comes from those internal iliac arteries and we looked at that on our models so here's our common iliac artery and that's going to Branch into external and internal iliac arteries and we can see that they there will be vessels that extend off of these to the uterus and then the ovaries are going to have the gonadal or since it's female we can call them ovarian arteries taking the blood supply to the ovaries the most distal portion of the uterus is going to be the cervix so at the end distal end of the ismos we have the cervix and the cervix is actually going to extend into the vaginal passageway a bit now we can apply terms to the openings that are occurring in this passageway of the cervix we have the internal O So o tells you opening or mouth so we have the internal o at the ismos and then we have the external o where the cervix has entered into the vaginal area similar to the males we have both sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic intervation associated with the reproductive system here we can see the procedure that many of you are probably familiar with of a anesthetic block uh known as epidural in which a an an anesthetic is placed into the epidural space down at about level L4 or so um very commonly used during childbirth this is also showing how a spinal anesthesia procedure is going to penetrate into the spinal region into pader moer and uh have access to the Kina those nerve Ro Roots the wall of the uterus is going to consist of three layers so the outermost layer is the perimetrium so per toou around or surrounding and metrium is telling you it has to do with the um uterus and then umum that's going to tell you tissue membrane usually so this is going to be an outer serus MBR brain it doesn't surround the uterus completely due to the location of it the muscular layer is the myometrium so myo tells you muscle the myometrium is really going to be very thick and noticeable a very significant portion of the uterus because of its function but then we also have the inner lining of the endometrium and this is going to be very significant in its function as well so the myometrium has similar to the stomach three layers of the smooth muscle so not just longitudinal and circular but we have an additional oblique layer and this is going to give it the ability to have both stronger and more advanced movements of the muscle when giving child birth the endometrium is going to be divided into two layers and this is the layer that's going to undergo Dynamic changes as we see the female's reproductive system go through Cycles in order to create an environment that is favorable to implantation and of a zygo excuse me and then also development and maturation of the zygote into an embryo and then a fetus changes in this endometrial lining are going to be under the influence of the reproductive hormones so we have estrogen is going to be involved in the dynamic changes remember estrogen is a steroid hormones that means it's based on a ring like molecular structure such as cholesterol the two layers of the endometrium are going to be the functional layer and the basal layer so let's start out with our basal layer so here's our myometrium so here's our muscle layer and so the next layer that is going to be towards the Lumen of the uterus is going to be the basil layer now the basil layer you're going to find portions of uterine glands the basil layer is pretty consistent and is going to be maintained within the uterus it is the functional layer that is closest to the Lumen of the uterus this is a layer that we see there are the dynamic changes that occur in a cyclical fashion in the female let's look at the organization of the arteries that are associated with the endometrium so we have the aru arteries so aru are going to be surrounding arteries and then we're going to see uh branching uh into radial and then straight and then spiral arteries so I think this illustration is is very helpful although there's more illustrations coming up with these vessels also so we see the myometrium we have the aru artery is going to be on the kind of surrounding the uterus and then they will Branch off with these radial arteries that extend into to the basil layer and then we see straight arteries branching off of them and then you'll notice that we have this twisty vessel that's called a spiral artery appropriately these are going to be the vessels that are under going to undergo Dynamic changes with the cycle and they also are going to be the vessels that are going to be shed with the menstrual cycle now the vagina of the female reproductive system is essentially a muscular tube and it is a passageway so we see the cervix here the the distal portion of the uterus is extending in to the vagina and then we've got these pocket regions also which we call fornex fornex is a term that we see show up in various organs where you see a sort of a pocket forming this vagina is going to allow Dynamic changes and its function is going to be the point at which sperm can enter into the female and hopefully be able to access and fertilize the oite of the female and that this vagina also is going to serve as the passageway for the birth of the fetus the birth canal and also the vagina is a passageway for the loss of the menstrual blood if a fertilization does not take place and here we mentioned the uh forns now a much of the anatomy associated with the female reproductive system is going to be very similar to what we saw with the male reproductive system in fact the muscles and the glands are going to have similar function similar name but it's just going to be organized a little bit differently so it is very it's quite an amazing system really so uh let's look at some of the muscle we see that there is the bubble spongiosis muscles in the female that we saw present in the in the male also so these are going going to be found on each side lateral to the vagina deep to this bulbo spongiosis muscle we see that there is a a gland so the Bulba vestival this is going to be erectile tissue uh similar to what we saw in the female now there's more uh structures here that we will uh look at in the next slides but this is a nice illustration showing things here we see the glands that are going to be similar to the Calpers glands uh that we saw in the mail the posterior portion of the opening to the vagina has a epithelial structure called the Hyman and this can and is usually at some point going to be uh ripped or torn uh due to some type of activity it could be most commonly probably sexual intercourse but this could also be feminine hygiene products or perhaps um the pelvic exam um or maybe even sports activities uh can cause the tear of this tissue we already mentioned the supply of blood to the vagina and to the uterus and ovaries so the vagina is really a a muscular passageway and it needs to be kept moist but most of the secretions are going to be released from the cervix which is interesting rather than the epithelium of the that is lining the vagina this epithelial tissue is going to be the stratified squamous epithelial tissue which makes sense because there can be a lot of abrasion in this area we've got menstrual flow that's going to be passing through on a regular process or lever regular cycle we also got the uh birth of a fetus that's going to provide abrasion this epithelial membrane also creates ruga the the folds uh similar to what we discussed with the stomach so let's go back and see here we can see the rug and that's going to allow for distension similar to what we saw in the stomach so as the fetus is passing through that baby's being born this this region has to expand and the rug is going to help allow that and so mucosa I think we can probably figure out that there's a mucus present there the vagina is going to be slightly acidic so this is going to be helpful for the female however it is detrimental to the sperm so if we recall from the beginning chapter of 28 we talked about how uh the semen has all these components in it that are added in along the way way during emission and ejaculation that help to protect it as it is on its Journey Through the male reproductive system and then into the female of course uh sometimes this area can become inflamed and that's no fun all sorts of nasty things can occur and cause discomfort this epithelial tissue is going to be dynamic not just cyclically within the individual with over the cycle that occurs about every month but also over a lifespan you there will be changes to this epithelial tissue let's look at the external genitalia of the female so um this picture is a very nice diagram I like it and I'm going to start on the X2 terior structures and work our way inward so I'm not quite going to follow the way I had typed that um so I'll go back I'll come back and make sure I've touched on everything so when we look at the female reproductive system let's start with the mons pupus so this is going to be an anterior uh rounded area that is essentially skin that's going to cover adapost tissue and this Mons pubis is going to extend to surround the vaginal area with what we call the labia majora so that means essentially lips and so these are going to be protective skin folds filled with adapost tissue for the most part now we see that inside this region of the Labby Majora we have another layer of fold and these are going to be the Andora so smaller lips so to speak and the opening between this labium Andora is going to be called the vestibule so I have an arrow here I've put it in and it's very skinny and not very visible unfortunately this within this vestibule you will see the opening to the vagina and then there's also going to be an opening for the urethra and this is going to be the passage for urine so we'll touch on this when we are in the renal chapter at the beginning or the most anterior portion of these labia manora you will see a structure called the clitoris and this is going to be the structure that is similar to the penis in the male so it's going to be involved in sexual arousal and it this clitorus is going to contain erectile tissue also similar to that we saw in the penis of the male and in fact there is a gland that is going to be present also on top of this clitus as well as the preuse or synomous with the for skin with the male penis so very similar structures that we see between male and female it just organized differently and here we have glands there are glands um in different locations along the associated with the reproductive system and the genitalia here we can see the vestibular bulb here once again mentioning several of the different glands and how they are similar to the glands in the male this we have touched on previously now the female reproductive system is going to include structures that are going to function for nurturing of that infant after it has been born so in females the breasts contain mamory glands and these mamory glands have the function or purpose to produce milk for the infant this process of producing the milk we call lactation it is going to be under regulation of hormones and the mamory glands are going to be associated in the pectoral region and the breasts are going to contain a significant portion of adapost tissue but within this region you will find that the mamine glands are divided into loes and then into lules so a organization we find very similar with other organs now there is a nipple that the milk will exit from and then surrounding the nipple there's a darkened area called the aola so here we can see the loes and then the L ules are going to be these small circles it looks like a cluster of grapes and we see that the lobal will have a duct that will pass the milk product through and then exit into the nipple this is a closeup of these lobules so this is is a very amazing organization as we find the body is truly an amazing amazing thing so we see that we have specialized epithelial cells that are going to be able to produce this breast milk product and then we have specialized cells that are going to function as smooth muscle surrounding it and this milk will be produced and it can be ejected through a duck through ducks and then out through the nipple now another fact that is really interesting about the mamory glands is they do not become active until the female is pregnant so in a non-pregnant female we see that the lobules are going to be surrounded mostly by connective tissue adapost tissue with pregnancy we see that these lobules are starting to become enlarged and active and with lactation after the baby is born in M milk production is occurring we see that the appearance and the organization of these structures is much different