Exam 2 Objectives - Fall

Module 5: Lipids

Memorization

• Definitions: Lipids, fats, oils, adipose tissue.
• Types of Lipids: Triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols.
• Fatty Acids: Main types, cis-fatty acid vs. trans-fatty acid.
• Digestion: Enzymes and hormones involved, their secretion organs.
• Bile: Definition, production, and storage.
• Hydrogenation: Definition.

Understanding

• Functions of Lipids: In the body vs. sensory quality of food.
• Fatty Acids: Saturated vs. unsaturated.
• Digestion & Absorption: Fat digestion, absorption, and transport.
• Lipid Digestion Issues: Problems and solutions.
• Solubility: Importance in the human body.
• Storage: Lipid storage methods.
• Hydrogenated Oils: Benefits and negative effects.
• Health Implications: LDL and HDL, factors affecting levels.

Module 6: Proteins

Memorization

• Definitions: Protein, amino acid, peptide, peptide bond, denaturation.
• Amino Acid Structure: Functional groups.
• Protein Structures: Four main structures.
• Essential Amino Acids: List of 9.
• Protein Functions: Seven main functions in the body.
• Digestion: Enzymes and hormones, their secretion organs.
• Hydrochloric Acid: Definition, production, and storage.
• Terms: Deamination, transamination.
• Protein Needs: Daily RDA calculation.

Understanding

• Protein Shape: Importance for function.
• Storage: Protein storage.
• Deamination & Transamination: Processes and circumstances.
• Nitrogen Balance: Positive, negative, equilibrium examples.
• Protein Quality: High vs. low quality, sources.
• Dietary Choices: Vegetarian vs. lacto-ovovegetarian vs. vegan.

Module 7: Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes

Memorization

• Nutrition-related Death Causes: Leading causes.
• Definitions: CVD, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, etc.
• Blood Pressure: Definition, normal systolic and diastolic values.
• CVD Management: Medical/lifestyle risk factors, lifestyle/diet changes, pharmaceutical drugs.
• Diabetes: Types, diagnosis methods, signs/symptoms.

Understanding

• Atherosclerosis: Development and cholesterol-lowering strategies.
• Thrombosis vs. Embolism: Differences.
• Stroke: Symptoms/signs and effects.
• Blood Pressure: Physiological mechanisms.
• Diabetes Types: Type 1 vs. Type 2 differences.
• Diabetes Damage: Micro-vascular and macro-vascular effects.
• Management: Diet, exercise, insulin therapy.

Module 8: Energy Metabolism

Memorization

• Cell Components: Nucleus, ribosomes, ER, etc.
• Metabolic Pathways: TCA cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis.
• Metabolism Types: Anabolism, catabolism.
• Alcohol Types: Three main types, energy yield from ethanol.
• Oxidation: Definition.
• Alcohol Effects: Negative effects on organs.

Understanding

• Energy & Thermodynamics: Concept and 1st law.
• ATP Production: Organic molecules relationship.
• Energy-yielding Nutrients: Cellular level requirements.
• Metabolism Steps: For glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, amino acids.
• Nutrient Excess or Deficiency: Effects on metabolism.
• Alcohol Metabolism: Conditions for production, metabolic fate, enzyme roles.

Module 9: Energy Balance/Body Composition

Memorization

• Definitions: Body weight, body composition.
• Obesity Indicators: Identification.
• BMI: Weight classification table.
• Body Fat Assessment: Four methods.
• Body Fat Recommendations: For males and females.
• Energy Expenditure: Components.

Understanding

• Energy Balance: Importance and consequences.
• Components of Energy Expenditure: Influencing factors.
• Body Weight vs. Composition: Differences.
• BMI Limitations: For obesity classification.
• Body Fat Assessment Assumptions: For four methods.
• EER Factors: Calculation influences.
• Body Weight & Chronic Diseases: Relationships.