Lecture on Benin Bronzes and British Colonial History

Introduction

• Location and Origin: The Benin Bronzes are from the Kingdom of Benin in West Africa, which is now part of Nigeria.
• Historical Significance: Known for their exquisite bronze sculptures, most can be traced back to the 16th and 17th centuries.
• Current Exhibition Locations: Many pieces are now in European museums, such as the British Museum.

Historical Background

• Kingdom of Benin: Established from the 13th century, centered on Benin City, it was known for its defensive walls and bronze alloy casting.
• Artistic Techniques: Used the lost-wax process to create intricate plaques and sculptures for the palace.
• Local Recognition: While the court and possibly city residents were aware, many art pieces were part of private religious ceremonies.

British Trade and Colonization

• Early Trade: Trade with Portugal began as early as the 15th century, later including the slave trade.
• 19th Century Development: After the abolition of slavery, focus shifted to exploiting natural resources like palm oil.

British Treaties with Benin

• Captain Henry Gallwey: In 1892, attempted to sign a treaty with the Oba of Benin, perceived as arrogant and disrespectful.
• Oba's Reluctance: Possibly did not sign or signed reluctantly, cultural differences about the document's importance.

1897 Punitive Expedition

• James Phillips' Expedition: In 1897, Phillips attempted an unauthorized expedition to reinforce British control, resulting in his death.
• British Reaction: Led to the so-called "Punitive Expedition," leveraging force against Benin.

Results of the Expedition

• Conquest and Looting: Benin City was occupied and destroyed, art was taken to Europe as spoils.
• Impact on Benin: The Oba was deposed, and Benin came under British rule.

Reaction and Media Coverage

• British Newspaper Reports: British media portrayed the Benin people as barbarians to justify colonial actions.
• Cultural Misunderstanding: The contrast between sophisticated art and perceived barbarism created academic confusion.

Human Sacrifice and Cultural Customs

• Execution Practices: The execution and display of criminals was part of traditional ceremonies, historically comparable to European customs.

Current Status and Controversy

• Museum Exhibitions: Initially considered anthropological artifacts, now recognized as art.
• Understanding Context: Proper appreciation requires understanding of Edo religion and rituals.

Debate on Repatriation

• Reasons for Return: Many believe these artworks, as spoils of war, should be returned to Benin.
• Ongoing Discussion: This remains a contentious issue with ongoing debate at multiple levels.

Further Exploration

• Educational Resources: The Open University offers more information on the Benin Bronzes and related history.