Everyone, welcome to our earth science lesson. Today we'll explore the fascinating world of minerals. What they are, how they form, their unique properties and their importance to the society. So by the end of this lecture you should be able to identify minerals that is important to our daily lives, appreciate their roles and even uh create a presentation about the different uses of this minerals in our daily lives. So before we move on, let's focus on the difference of rocks and minerals. So rocks again are solid aggregates made up of one or more minerals. Okay. Again, sorry. Rocks are solid aggregates made up of one or more minerals and sometimes mineraloids or organic materials. Why? But minerals are naturally occurring in organic solids that possesses a definite chemical composition and an orderly crystalline structure that allows for some variation. So a mineral is a pure substance. A rock is a mixture. So this analogy is that all rocks are made up of minerals but not all minerals are rocks. Some minerals exist alone while others are part of a larger rock structure. Again all rocks are made of of minerals but not all minerals are rocks. Okay. So, some minerals form beautiful uh beautiful crystals called gems. We have the diamonds, emeralds, ruby, sapphire, jade and so on and so forth. Okay. But how do minerals form? So minerals can form through several processes like inorganic crystallization. So in organic crystallization this is when crystals form directly from molten rock or magma or solutions without any biological activity without the presence of biological activity. An Okay, sorry. Again, inorganic crystallization form directly from molten rock or solutions without any biological activity. So we have here the picture of quartz forming from slowly cooling magma. Okay. So we have here is sorry okay we have here rec crystallization. So when existing minerals are exposed to changes in temperature pressure or fluids causing their atoms to rearrange in new purer crystals. So our our key word here is to rearrange or reorganize. That's why recristallization. We have here a picture of a marble. Okay. That has veins as we can see there the red and the black veins. This is a sign of rec crystallization or mineral uh rec crystallization. Okay. But also take note some minerals can also form from evaporation. So example is halite or rock salt. Uh they form when salty water evaporates. Okay. So again we have two we have two forms or two ways how minerals form we have inorganic and rec crystallization. So what are the properties of a mineral? So this is how we identify minerals using this test or this properties. Okay. So first we have color of course. So color is caused by specific elements within the mineral. So for example we have here these three minerals. So for azerite they have copper which gives deep blue color. While for edit they have cobalt elements. Therefore, their colors ranging from violet and red. And then see crocco croc white we have their chromium ner red orange color. So that is color presence and intensity of certain elements. Okay. Next is streak which is the powdered color of a mineral when rubbed on an unglazed porcelain plate. So we have here the pictures of some um minerals and their corresponding uh stre color. Soakita square either black or white and po streak plate which is the unglazed ceramic tile or unglazed porcelain plate scratch mineral ano talaga klay. So that's one thing to do to know which mineral is which. Again streak is the color of the mineral in powdered form. Next we have luster. This is how a mineral reflects light. So we have here a metallic which is bright and reflective po. See sub metallic it's dull but reflective. And then of course we have non-metallic. See vitrus glossy sha and mejo brilliant silky is me fibers nakikita s resinus from the word resin moang plastic s waxy greasy and oily s pearly creamy it pearls and then s earthy I rough and dull Okay. So hardness n man it is the measure of the mineral's resistance to scratching using it is measured using the mos scale. So the mos scale if you're familiar this is the mos scale. So we have here the different minerals and their scale number from talc which has a mo scale of one to the to diamond which is 10. So on the third column we have the common objects now kayang um measure hardness is mineral. So from 1 to 2.5 ka n fingernail na scratch fingernail. So if you have minerals with you and you try to scratch it with your fingernail and the scratch or powder, it's either 1 to 2.5 range mo scale. And then 3.5 we have copper penny. And then 5.5, excuse me, uh scratch n or a glass plate. And then 6.5 we have uh steel nail. And then for the harder minerals we can use the masonry drill bit. But for the diamond for the hardest mineral on earth as they say that diamond can only scratch by itself. So a diamond can only scratch by a diamond. Okay. So, cleavage and fracture. This is the ability of a mineral to break along specific planes of weakness within its crystal structure. So, see cleavage flat flat while s fracture is irregular. Let's see if we have here an example. So okay let's have this one naang. So for example this one si waxy n mineral nin it shows there now um me uneven surface. So that is a fracture. Well, here we have this mineral flat surface that would be a cleavage. Again, if it's a flat surface, it is cleavage. While if it's irregular or uneven surface, it is a fracture. Next we have crystal form which is the uh geometric shape based on atomic arrangement. So this uh is the 3D arrangement of atoms inside the minerals. So we have here some of the crystal system. So isometric tagonal or orthoromic monocline to po uh arrangement n atoms inside the mineral itself. Okay. Next we have density and specific gravity. So this measures how compact the mineral is. But the difference is density is the mass of a mineral per unit volume. And this is a direct measure of how compact the mineral material is. While specific gravity compares the density of a mineral to the density of water. So see specific gravity comparing the mineral density to the water density. While see density itself is the direct measure of how compact the mineral is. Excuse me. So these are the examples of uh specific gravity. So we have here the borax uh that has -2 specific gravity while galina has 7.4 to 7.6. And we have here the tenacity which is the resistance to breaking or bending. But tenacity has different types excuse me. We have brittleleness or the ability to break or powder easily. Malleability is the ability to be hammered out into thin sheets. So if you see how um rings are made steals or the materials that is malleability and then sectility is to be cut into thin shavings with a knife. So if you scratch the knife into the mineral itself and n uh thin shavings that is sexile and then ductility is the ability to drone into wires and then say flexibility obviously can be bent but not um does not go back to its original shape. and then say elasticity can be bent and returned to its original shape. Okay, everybody really seems to like mineral properties. So, today I thought I'd talk about tenacity. Tenacity is a measure of a mineral's cohesiveness or how well it bends and breaks. And there are a couple of different types of subcategories like if it's duct tile, whether or not it can be um rolled into a wire like copper. Another measure of tenacity is if it's brittle or if it'll break easily. See? Like that. Another cool category of tenacity is whether or not it's sexile or if it's carvable. I love terms like malleable or elastic which we use in real life but are actually terms to describe tenacity. Okay. Next we have magnetism which is the ability to attract magnets. Okay. Attract or repel other magnetic minerals. Then transparency or diinity it is um the ability to let light pass through. So we have translucent, opaque, transparent classification of transparency. So let's see this video para malaman differences n transparent, translucent and opaque. [Music] Okay. So that is the differences of the transparency in minerals. Last property we have other taste and reactivity. So some minerals smell or fizz with excuse me acid. So note that geologists usually avoid tasting minerals for safety and also you miners would leak halo to confirm it is salt. So an po examples n minerals and their smell and taste. Uh next we have the mineral groups or the cl uh classification of minerals based on their composition. We have here the native elements that are composed only of one element while silicates uh silicates is the largest group made up of silicon and oxygen. So silicates are the rock forming minerals quartz while sulfites by the term itself sulfide sulfur ion binding with positive ions or metals and they tend to be heavy and brittle while oxides oxygen and one other element y oxides like hematite, the ruby, sapphires and so on and so forth. Then carbonates combination of carbon and oxygen containing carbonate ions combined with other elements are carbonates. Example of which is calite andomite. While phosphate contains phosphate ions and is positively charged metal ions. Examples are turquoise and appetite while haloides forms from the combination of halogens and metals. Example I highlight which is the table sweat. While mineraloid since rock so mineraloid again does not exhibit crystallinity they don't have crystalall line structure. So that is the group or the classification of minerals based on their composition. Now let's move on to the minerals of the Philippines. So the Philippines is rich in mineral resources. For example, this copper. So the Philippines is some of the best quality copper deposits in the world. So high-grade coppers we can found in summer, Agusan, Isabella, Zambales, antique, capes and marin. And the most productive copper mines are found in Bengett and Cebu. It is said that our coppers has a high gold content which can be recovered. For the minor metals, we have lead, zinc, platinum, malibdinum and cobalt. So the biggest lead or reserves here in the Philippines is in Ayala Zambwanga city. While for the zinc deposits we can find them in Benet, Zambanga city, Camparinas Norte and somewhere. And then the only platinum producer of the Philippines is in Santa Cruz and Bales. While for malenum deposits we have here Batangas, Karinas Norte and Nigros Oxidental and cobalt. For cobalt it is obtained as a secondary product in processing of metals like copper, nickel, lead, zinc and gold. For the non- metallic minerals we have limestone in ceu and nagros and and angad pulakan that is used for making clay wares. We have felt spar uh used to manufacture tiles and ceramic toilet wear from Ilocos Norte Pampanga. The silica is found in the sands of Palawan and no Negros accidental while the marble for our building constructions is found in RMBlon. And then for clay we have red clay and white clay that is used for pottery. So red clay in ilocus s and Iloilos norte as well as sebu. While white clay we have ilo and kamarinas s. So the mining industry not only provides materials but also jobs and revenue though it must be managed responsibly to avoid environmental harm. So we have here some pictures. So we can see on the left side the 2023 mineral accounts of the Philippines an po. So we have gold, copper, nickel and chromite. So we extracted 21.48,000 kilos of gold in 2023 and then 61.98,000 metric tons of copper, 31.20 million dry metric tons of nickel and then 23.82,000 metric tons of chromite. So if you can see mala copper copper silipinas and then monetary value of the class A mineral reserves 2023 ana so it's 180 billion uh gold we have 52 billion copper pesos sorry 238 billion pesos of nickel and 65.6 65 billion pesos of chromite. So this is the resource rent percentage. While on the right side we can see the map of the Philippines showing the distribution of mineral. So we have iron, manganese, chromium, nickel and so on and so forth. Okay. So to summarize, minerals are naturally occurring solids with specific chemical makeups. They form through crystallization or recristallization. We identify minerals by their properties like color, hardness, cleavage and more. Minerals are classified into groups based on composition. And the Philippines has reached mineral resources important to our economy. So that is all for minerals. But before we end, let's discuss your performance task one or PETA which is the terrarium and infographics. Okay. Uh dates to remember we have here August 13 which is today and 14 tomorrow. Uh this is the introduction of PETA and guidelines which you can see in canvas as well as the announcement of your subject teachers. And then for August 15, 18, 22 and 26. This is the pa making consultation and observation. So pa making of the terrarium making of the terrarium should be done on site in school during your face toface classes. And then August 29th take note is the submission of your PETA. Uh general instructions you will be grouped by your subject teacher into five groups. Groups will be given enough time to research and talk to their group members on what to do for their terrarium and infographics. Rubrics for the performance task is attached to your activity sheet that you can find in canvas. Submission will be in Canvas for the infographics and the activity sheets. Take note that only leaders will pass your work. For the making of the terrarium, find a jar, clear and clean jars with no labels. Size is 30x 20 by 25 cm in capacity and in maximum po yan. You can have um lesser size but in maximum poin I 30 by 20 by 25. So before you um go s meeting or s face to face for the pa making terrarium groupag live plants like tropical plants or moss you should add holes s lead jar para mag airflow but if not if you're using succulents, you may opt to not do it. And then have your materials ready for your next face toface meeting. So August 18 uh August 15 rather August 15, 18, 22 and 26 for the creation of terrarium. Again the creation of the room will be done on site for the infographics. The infographic must center on environmental awareness focusing on carbon emissions and its connection to the concept of a terrarium and it must reflect the earth's natural systems and contribute to understanding environmental issues like carbon emissions for STEM B sections and STEM B sections only. The size, orientation and technical guidelines will be provided by your MTech teachers because your um PETA is in collaboration with empowerment technology. And then the design and organization will be graded by them or by your MTech teachers while the content will be graded by your earth science teachers. If you have any more questions about PA, read first the document attached on your canvas under the M PETA one and then if you still have questions, you can ask your subject teachers. Okay, and that is all for today. Thank you so much.