King Louis XIV and Absolute Monarchy in France

Sep 16, 2024

France in the 1700s: Focus on King Louis XIV

Introduction

  • Lecture by Mr. Sheehy
  • Focus on King Louis XIV, the Sun King

Overview of King Louis XIV

  • Reigned from 1661 to 1715 (technically king since 1643)
  • Louis XIII (father) passed away in 1643; Louis XIV was 5 years old
  • Real power held by Cardinal Mazarin and his mother until 1661

French Monarchy vs. English Monarchy

  • France had a tradition of absolute monarchy
  • Kings ruled without input from assemblies/parliaments
  • Contrast to England, where the Magna Carta (1215) established checks on royal power

The Fronde

  • Series of rebellions/riots from 1648-1653
  • Louis XIV known as the "Boy King" during this time
  • Impact on Louis XIV:
    • Deepened distrust of nobility
    • Determined to establish absolute control as an adult

The Rise of Absolute Monarchy

  • Louis XIV became the model of absolute monarchy
  • Nicknamed the "Sun King"
  • Symbolism of the sun: radiating power over France
  • Famous phrase: "L'état, c'est moi" (I am the state)

Palace of Versailles

  • Louis XIV disliked Paris post-Fronde
  • Built the Palace of Versailles, taking 30 years and involving 35,000 workers
  • Purpose: glorify himself and France, control the nobility
  • Nobility lived at Versailles, forced to serve and compete for Louis's favor

Extravagant Lifestyle

  • Lavish lifestyle, extravagant meals
  • 500 cooks, waiters, and servants catered to his needs

Economic Affairs

  • Economic Minister: Jean-Baptiste Colbert
    • Promoted mercantilism, favorable balance of trade
    • France became the industrial leader of Europe by 1683
  • 1685: Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes
    • Caused skilled Huguenots to flee France, negatively impacting the economy

Foreign Affairs

  • Louis XIV engaged in numerous wars
  • Gained little territory, spent much money
  • Other European countries united against his expansion
  • Upon his death, France was close to bankruptcy

Conclusion

  • Louis XIV's death met with relief by many due to wars, high taxation, and despotism
  • Final words to his great-grandson:
    • "My child, do not imitate me in the taste I have had for building or for war. Try, on the contrary, to be at peace with your neighbors. Try to comfort your people, which unhappily I have not done."
  • Upcoming simulation on the French Revolution in the next class

Note: Ensure to be prepared for the simulation next class. Remember the key points about Louis XIV.