Understanding Locomotion and Muscle Types

hey buddies how are you all doing all my students hope you all all are doing great now today we are going to start a new chapter which is your locomotion and movement see guys slowly and steadily we are moving towards different chapters and we will be completing your syllabus your 11th class syllabus soon so that means considering because we have i have completed so many chapters from the physiology the human physiology Because now we are at the chapter locomotion and movement. See how many chapters we have completed till now. We have talked about the body fluid in circulation, the breathing in exchange of gases, animal kingdom. Guys, many chapters there are completed. Locomotion and movement we will be discussing today. So, how we are going to proceed? I will discuss with you. Locomotion and movement chapter is easy chapter, right? It's not difficult, it is easy. Two to three questions, right? they directly come from this chapter and that I will assure you that the sessions which I will be taking the four sessions which I will be taking questions will be from those sessions only. The reason is we are focusing primarily on NCRT each and every line of NCRT I always try to include in my sessions. Okay so locomotion and movement four session I am going to take and these four session we will be completing your whole chapter. Now what all things we are going to study in this chapter? Locomotion is all about the movement of an organism. Locomotion helps in the change in the location, right? What I am doing is I am moving from one place to another. What is this? This is locomotion, right? I am writing something on board. This is also a kind of a movement. Whereas my eyelids you can see there is a continuous movement. So that is also a kind of a locomotion. So all these are also a kind of sorry movement. So, what is the difference between locomotion and the movement and also what are the structures which are associated with it and how these movement happens in our body is it under the control of our will or sometime it is like yes these are not in our control we will be discussing that the type of muscles and yes the most important part of this chapter is the diseases. Diseases, different diseases are there related to the muscle contraction. That also we will be taking care in these four sessions. Clearly, clear? Everybody ready for today's class? So there are some rules which you have to follow. Like I discussed that in my most of the sessions. The first thing is whenever guys you are watching the sessions, make sure with the sessions only you are making your notes. Because these notes whatever you are making right now with me what do you what will you get you will get the things in the written form in your own own handwriting that means you will be having your own notes this is the primarily thing this is the very first thing. Now the second thing is when we are studying something and along with the studying something along with reading something along with someone is saying something we are writing that as well. So that means overall those things to be imprinted in your mind, you can say the probability of imprinting increases. Are you getting that point? Because you are writing that as well. Your mind is active, you are writing that as well. So it is going to help you. Later on many students what they do is they watch the session. Okay, they will watch the session for 20 minutes. They will watch the session for 30 minutes and later on they will like. okay ma'am we'll watch that okay we'll watch this later on in the evening or the next day i'll tell you the next day will not at all come if you have started this session make sure you complete this one hour and that is my responsibility to engage you over here for another 50 to 60 minute lecture which we will be having today so on a positive note let's start this session of locomotion and movement we will be completing this chapter in four session like i told you So topics to be covered today we will be talking about muscle but yes before that I would like to give you some introduction. Let's talk about the chapter is all about two different name one is movement and second one is termed as locomotion right. We have to discuss this please guys please focus. Now movement is what movement is this particular movement which I am doing with my hand this is also a kind of movement right. This is movement. In this case, you can take an example of all example. Let's say what all example you have. Let's say the movement of eyelid. Movement of eyelid. eyelids movement right movement of limbs movement of limbs limbs movement right your hand movement your legs movement These are also a kind of movement, right? And in fact, there are some movements which are happening inside our body as well. I will be discussing that. Now, other than that, what all movements do you know? What all movements guys do you know? We are moving. In fact, in our body also, there are some kind of ciliary movement happening. Ciliary movements are happening in our body. Now ciliary movements for example buddies you all know about the fallopian tube. So in case of fallopian tube the cilias are present and these cilia they help in the movement of the eggs. Similarly in upper respiratory tract we are having cilia. Those cilia they help in the movement. So all these are the kind of movement. Are you getting this point? All these are movement. If I am moving my fingers this is also a kind of movement. In fact, in our cells movement, we are having body cells. Let's take an example of a WBC. WBC, they are moving from one place to another. And how do they move? They show the process of diapidasis like we have seen in the previous chapter. That is, they can squeeze between the blood vessels. That is also a kind of movement. So all these are movement. So movement not only means that I am moving from this particular position to another. So it means the other things are also happening inside my body. Now let's take the example of erector pili. Now whenever we are we are fed of something or something happens some muscles or some structures in our body they rise up. Erector pili you remember these muscles they rise up some goosebumps. So that is also a movement which happens in our body. We say that these are the goosebumps. We get goosebumps whenever some scary things happen, excited when we are like various situations this happens. So that is also a kind of movement. There are various organisms who move with the help of flagella, right? Flagella, flagellary movement. There are flagellary movement also. Yes, in human also we have an example of a flagella. Not only the lower organism. In fact, we have an example of the sperm having the tail. You remember? And the tail helps in the movement. So that they can move from the reproductive part. They can move from the vagina and they can reach up to the fallopian tube where the fertilization can happen. So that is also a kind of movement. But when these movement helps in change in position. That is termed as locomotion, right? When movement helps in change in location is called locomotion. locomotion, locomotion, right. Now this locomotion is basically because of the skeletal muscles. So this is because of skeletal muscles, skeletal muscles. Because I am talking about humans. Because this chapter is all about humans. Now because these skeletal muscles, the skeletal muscles, right? They are associated with the skeleton, right? Name itself indicate. Skeletal muscles are associated with skeleton. With? Skeletal means bone that means that various bones are there which helps in the movement process. So locomotion is clear right clear. Now we are having the girdle movements also we are having these pectoral girdle movement and in fact the limbs we move so all these these are the locomotion. So that means what is happening there is change in the location. So. Let's talk about the types of movement. Let's focus on the types of movement. What type of movement do we know about or that movement which happens in the body. Let's talk about the first one. That is the ciliary moment. Ciliary moment. Ciliary moment. Now ciliary moment you all know that is it is because of the cilia. Right. It is because of the cilia. And I have given you one example that it is cilia in the fallopian tube. Cilia in fallopian tube. tube helps in helps in movement of egg movement of egg right from where because in the fallopian tube so it should reach at a particular location that is ampullary is to make region where the fertilization will happen clear this clear Not only these, in fact the cilia is also present in the upper respiratory tract. Cilia of upper respiratory tract helps in movement of movement of dust, dust particle out of, out of respiratory tract, out of respiratory tract. Clear? Ciliary movement. Let's take another example of a flagella movement. Similarly, The flagella, they are also present. Flagellar movement. Flagellar movement. So, flagellar movement, that is because of the flagella. That is because of the flagella. Now, for example, the human sperm. Human sperm. Now, this movement. The third type of movement which we all know that is the muscular movement. I am writing over here the muscular movement. That is because of the skeletal muscle. That is because of the skeletal muscle. Now in this chapter, this chapter is all about skeletal muscle. So we will be dealing with the skeletal muscle in detail. So this is because of the skeletal muscle skeletal muscles so skeletal muscles helps in the movement basically now detail we will be discussing so don't worry about it so fourth we are having is the amoeboid movement amoeboid movement amoeboid moment. So what is this amoeboid moment all about? Amoeboid moment is all about the amoeba, amoeba like moment, the pseudopodia like moment. These are shown by the leukocyte. For example, the leukocyte, right? You remember in the previous chapter, we have talked about the diapidasis. One example I am giving you, diapidasis, that means they can squeeze from the blood vessel and they can go outside, right? Squeezing, WBC, leukocyte. So, these are the some types of movement. So, locomotion word is clear. Hope the movement word is clear. Hope the type of the movement which you can see over here, that is also clear to all my buddies. Now, let's proceed further. Let's talk about basically this chapter is all about the muscles. So, if this chapter is having... two different part the first one we have to discuss the muscles right the cardiac muscles also we have to discuss but not in detail the skeletal muscle and the smooth muscle three muscles but detail we will be discussing regarding the skeletal muscle because skeletal muscle is that muscle which helps in the process of locomotion clear bodies now you Then we will be talking about the skeletal system that means what kind of bones are present here, what kind of bone are present here, in our facial also in the skull which bones are present, the vertebral column bone, the ribs etc, the pelvic girdle, pectoral girdles, your limb muscle, all these sorry limb bones, all these bones we will be studying. So one part of this chapter is bone, the second part of this chapter which we are discussing that is a muscle. So this is the one part, the part one we are going to start. Clear? So muscles. First of all let's talk about the characteristic features of these muscles. So one of the basic characteristics of these muscles is that they are mesodermal in origin. First point. They are mesodermal in origin. Mesodermal in origin. Are you getting this point? Mesodermal. The second point is that they are responsible for, they are responsible for, look at this point. They are responsible for 40 to 50% of body weight. 40 to 50% of body weight is because of the muscles present in our body. So, if you are saying that your weight is this much, so majorly 40 to 50 percent it is the muscles present in your body. Now, how many muscles they are present? So, number of muscles, number of muscles. So, this data is on an average 639 muscles are present now these 639 muscles which are there they are present from the birth that means with time with time there is no increase in the number of muscles right are you getting this point when i'm saying the number of muscles so number of muscle is 639 so that means when a child is born when a baby is born in that case also 639 muscles are there and whenever guys are An adult we talk about the number of muscle they remain same. In case of let's take an example of those who do bodybuilding. The number of muscles they are same. So number of muscles they are same. But in fact you should understand there is development of those muscles. That means those muscles they will be developed. Right. Clear. So 639 muscles are there. And these show hypertrophy. hypertrophy hypertrophy means increase in size right hypertrophy means hypertrophy hyper means it means what increase in size increase in size right second word also yes sometime this can be what is hyperplasia hyperplasia so do not show i'll discuss this you Do not show hyperplasia. Hyperplasia. See guys, I am giving you all the detailed notes. Detailed notes guys, I am providing you. So hyperplasia means, it means what? It means increase in number. It means increase in number. Yes, they do not increase in number. Once their number is 639, it will remain like this. No increase in them will be seen. Clear? Out of these, some muscles, they are paired and some muscles, they are single. They are single. Some are paired, some are... singly they are present. Now the characteristic feature there are four different properties which your NCRT talks about. Let's have a look. So let's talk about the properties. Very very very important. This is your neat PYQ. I'm writing important. Everybody please note this down. This can be asked in your examination. First point is what is the first point? So they show excitability excitability excitability first point is they show excitability I'll be explaining these points to you excitability second is contract ability third point is extensibility Right, fourth point is the elasticity. these are the four properties shown by muscle first thing is excitability excitability that means they are they can change the potential so that they can become excitable they are excitable that is the reason they show the process of contractibility the contraction and relaxation contraction and relaxation now these muscles they are having capability of converting chemical energy into mechanical energy i'll tell you how contractibility so for example i'll give you the example of the nerve fibers so nerve fibers they are also uh show the process of excitability that means nerve cells the neurons they are excited right the polarization and the depolarization process we'll be looking at that in detail now the contractibility they can contract and relax they can extents because of the contraction their size will be less because of the relaxation their size will be more how does it happen we'll be discussing that now this property is termed as elasticity because they can increase in the size they can decrease in the size so that is the elasticity or four property now one of the question which was asked from this topic is out of the four feature these four features they are directly given in ncrt out of these four feature the one feature which is seen in case of the neurons what is that that is the excitability so excitability is the one which is shown in the nervous system they do not show the contractibility they do not show the extensibility they do not show the elasticity but they are having a characteristics of the elastic uh sorry excitability yeah so these is the things which you have to remember so c and triple e One contractibility EEE, 3E. See, triple E. Okay. Now, let's talk about the types of muscles. So, second thing which we have to study today, another thing which we have to study, we have to discuss in fact so many things. Let's talk about the types of muscles present in our body. Guys, we have discussed this in the previous chapter also, structure organization in animals. types of muscle cells etc. So muscles there are three type of muscles present. One is termed as the skeletal muscle. Second you all know that is the cardiac muscle. Third we all know that is the smooth muscle. smooth muscles these are the three type of muscles present in our body this chapter is basically about the skeletal muscle in detail but yes i'll be giving an overview of the cardiac muscles also we will be discussing some examples of the smooth muscles also and how does it function so majorly this chapter is all about the skeletal muscles right and the skeleton that's it that's it buddies that's it about this chapter now Let's discuss these muscles one by one. So, let's first talk about the skeletal muscle. Some basic feature I'll be dealing. Then there's some basic feature of the cardiac muscle, some basic feature of the, you know about this, right? It's not the case you don't remember, you know about this. Now, first let's talk about the skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle. skeletal muscles. So, name itself indicate these muscles they are associated with skeleton. Associated with skeleton. Majorly they are involved, majorly I am not saying all of them but majorly they are involved in the locomotion. Clear? Now, the second one The skeletal muscle fiber, they are multinucleated. Multinucleated. Multinucleated. These are the some characteristic feature everybody. They are striated. striated now striated means we will be looking at there are the bands of the striation you will find the striation is there why does it look like a striated one i'll be discussing that don't at all worry Clear? They are voluntary. Voluntary. So voluntary muscle that means they are under the control of our will. Right? They have or let's do the structure first then I will be discussing this. Unbranched. So many things are there but let's first draw the diagram. So this is how the striation look like. Striation, they are striated. You can see there is dark band, light band etc. These are the skeleton muscle because of this we will later on see. that because of the distriation is because of the alternative dark and the light band. Atin and myosin role are there. Clear? Unbranched voluntary control. Cylindrical. multi nucleated have sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum. Clear? Now they are multi-nucleated. Lots of nucleus are present. Unbranched. Another feature is let's write unbranched. right now have sarcolemma now what is sarcolemma i'll be discussing that later on just have some patience skeletal muscle is clear right so there are muscles which are associated with our body various muscles are there now let's talk about the second type of muscle which is your cardiac muscle cardiac muscles. So, cardiac muscles these name itself indicate these are those muscles which are associated with heart associated with heart and not only with heart in fact you are going to find it with the some major structures also which is your superior vena cava major vein vena cava and pulmonary vein pulmonary vein right these muscles they are also cylindrical cylindrical uni nucleated uni nucleated these muscles they are branched muscle Branched muscle, these are the striated muscle, right? Right, striated muscles they are and they show they are having the property of excitability, self-excitability the property they are having. Show. self excitability right cardiac muscle we have discussed that because these muscles they are important for the contraction and relaxation of atria and the ventricle you remember so these are same your cardiac muscles okay now let's look at the diagram They are also striated but they are branched. The reason why they are branched is because you know they have to show the process of the excitation and that excitation they have to travel or they have to pass to the nearby muscle fiber. That is the reason they are branched. See each and every property which is there they are having a particular kind of role. Clear? This is how the cardiac muscles look like. Clear? Are you getting this point? Now they have the property of showing the self excitability. Okay? Clear buddies? Now they because they show the excitability because they are having intercalated disc. What do they have is intercalated disc. Now Moving on to the next we are having is the third type that is the smooth muscle smooth muscles. Now buddies look at this. Now as I have discussed about this they are the voluntary in control these are involuntary. So you can note this down. They are involuntary, not in our control, involuntary. Now, let's talk about the smooth muscles. Smooth muscles are those muscles which are found in the lower, not the upper, lower the digestive tract. Lower digestive tract. They are associated with lungs. They are associated with the urinary bladder. Urinary bladder. They are the one which are associated with the uterus. Right. Like this lots of lots of smooth muscles they are present in our body. Now these in fact. When we talk about the skeletal muscles, skeletal muscles they are present in upper digestive tract. So one more example you can take over here that they are present in upper digestive tract. Upper digestive tract. Guys you have already done these topics in the chapter skeleton. Your what was the name of that chapter? Oh just I just forgot structure organization in animal. No smooth muscles are clear. Let's talk about the another feature. They are spindle shaped. They are spindle shaped, right? They are uninucleated. They are non-striated, non-striated, right? They are under the control of the ANS. under the control of autonomous nervous system which helps in their contraction and relaxation, clear and yes they are definitely involuntary, this was also involuntary right, this is also involuntary. Non striated single nucleus is present and that nucleus is present in the center. Now would you like to have a look at the diagram, so this is how the spindle shaped structure look like. They are having nucleus present over here. Clear? Clear? Just rough diagram and everything related to this I have given you. Now let's move further. Let's talk about the structure of skeletal muscle. Now in detail buddies we have to discuss the skeletal muscle. skeletal muscles Now skeletal muscles are those muscles first you know that it is associated with our skeletal system and in fact in the upper digestive track they are present. For example I will give you one example whenever you take food in your mouth you swallow that food by yourself it doesn't happen involuntary you do that so that is the term that is the reason we call it it is present in the upper digestive track not in the lower one. Lower one the peristalsis the digestion. the churning action and in fact all those things the movement that is because of the smooth muscles which are there now the skeletal muscle basically buddies we have to deal the skeletal muscle with respect to the structure but before talking about the structure you should know that these muscles the one substance which is rich in it the most important question that is the potassium so what all do they contain they contain potassium This is the richest substance. You will find the calcium also. You will find sodium also. But this is present in maximum amount. Clear? Respiratory pigment. Please remember. Respiratory pigment which is present in them. is termed as myoglobin. Now this myoglobin is also termed as skeletal hemoglobin. They also show the process of the respiration. Here also the respiration occurs. But over here guys the pyruvic acid is converted into the lactic acid and lactic acid later goes to the liver and over there it is stored in the form of a glycogen. So they also show anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration, right? Anaerobic respiration. So in anaerobic respiration, the pyruvic acid is converted into the lactic acid. Now this lactic acid goes to the liver where the lactic acid is converted into the glycogen. Now how does it occur? This you have already done. Just an overview guys I am providing you. Other than that you will find the urea is also there. Everything is present over here. Now these are the skeletal muscle. Yes these skeletal muscles they are also tired. That like you know it's not yes they show action but yes they do get tired also. Fatigue right. So one thing you have to remember they. show fatigue. They show fatigue. Now let's talk about buddies the structure. Structure of skeletal muscle fiber. Now I am making the diagram which is there in your NCRT super duper simple for you. So this is how a skeletal muscle look like. I am making a TS of the skeletal muscles. I am making a TS of a skeletal muscle. It's a muscle. It's a long muscle. And now I am showing how will it look like. Here some bundles are present. Here you will find some bundles are there. some bundles. Are you getting this point? These are the bundles. You will find some bundles are there like this. Right? You will find some bundles. Clear? Now these are, this is how it look like. But when you will make a TS, this is how it is going to look like. Like this structures are present. Clear? So this is how it will look like. Some bundles are there. Now these muscle fibers which you can see there is a covering. There is a connective tissue covering around it. This connective tissue. Connective tissue. Now I am making the topic super easy for you. Connective tissue covering is there. Now this connective tissue covering is termed as epimycem. Now this connective tissue is covered at epimycem. Covering is epimycem. I am talking about the hole. Now here buddies you can see some round round structure. Now let's focus on these round structure and let's have a look how do they appear. How do they appear? Now let's open this structure. Let's open this structure. This is how it will appear, right? Here one layer is present which is termed as fascia. Here also buddies you will find some rounded structure. Now I am making buddies the thing super duper easy. Please have a look and I will give you one example of this as well. So like this it is present in everyone. Everyone. Now this structure, this structure if you look at this structure it has further structure like this. I will show you how does it look like. Wait. Now this is a muscle, this is a muscle, right. In this muscle you will find the muscle bundles, right, bundle fibers, bundle fibers, muscular bundle, bundle fibers, right, right, bundles are there, bundles are there. Now if you will open this one, If you will open this once. These are the bundle fibers. So these are the fibers. Muscle fibers. Muscle fiber. Now in the detail one you will see the muscle fiber is there. Muscle fiber is there. Clear? The connective tissue covering around the muscle is termed as epimysium. Covering is epimysium. Now we have zoomed this image. We have zoomed this image. Now this outermost covering which I have drawn in the green, this is termed as perimyceum. Perimyceum. Perimyceum. See how detailed this structure is. So this a beautiful example I am going to give you. Now below this there is facia. facia present. Below this you will find facia. Let's further zoom this structure. Let's further zoom this truck. Let's make this little big. Now this is one muscle fiber, this is one muscle fiber and if you will zoom up this, zoom up this, you will find a structure like this, right? This is a muscle fiber present. Now what is this? This is a myofibril. This is a myofibril which is present. Now if you zoom up this myofibril, this is how it will look like. Are you getting this point? Now there is one covering. The covering is there. And this covering is termed as, this particular covering, this is termed as endomycem. This is endomycem. Look at this diagram. Look at this diagram. Please focus on the structure because now it is super duper interesting. This is myofibril. What is this diagram? This is a diagram of a single myofibril. Now this myofibril is made up of two things. One is actin and second is myosin. So you can see alternate band of the light and the dark structures are there. This is because of the actin and myosin. It's not only because of actin, it's not only because of the myosin. So simultaneously these structures are there and these structures they are responsible. Clear? Clear? Muscle fiber. Clear? The muscle fiber structure. Yes. Now look at this, look at this structure. Here, here one covering you will find, your NCERT talks about this covering which is termed as sarcoplasm, sarcolema sorry. Now this is termed as sarcolema. Here a fluid is filled which is termed as sarco. Now this structure is multinucleated, slots of nucleus you are going to find over here. This is multinucleated, multinucleated structures. Clear? Now, they will be having sarcoplasmic reticulum also like that of endoplasmic reticulum. Now, do you want me to explain this topic again? I can do that. Now, listen. Many students, in fact, when I was a student like you, at that time also I used to get confused. That, ma'am, what is muscle cell? The structure which we have drawn over here. Ma'am, what is this? What is this skeletal muscle? What is this skeletal muscle? So I used to confuse at that time also. I don't know whether you are confused or not. So what is this muscle fiber or this muscle cell? Now this structure can you see the fiber? This muscle fiber. Please note this down. This muscle fiber, muscle fiber which is there, muscle fiber which is there, this is the muscle, the skeletal muscle cell. muscle cell, the skeletal muscle cell, this is a cell, right. Now this cell, this cell is striated, sorry, this cell is having lots of, how can I show you, wish, Now let's take this example. For that I need one more pen. Okay, it's okay. So consider that it is a cell. This is a muscle cell. This is a muscle cell, right? Muscle cell. Now what is another name of this muscle cell? Muscle fiber. Muscle cell is in the form of a fiber. Now there are various structures present like this. Various pens I am keeping in this cylindrical structure. Various pens are there. Now these pens they are myofibrils. These pens are the myofibril. Are you getting this point? Now what I am doing is I am keeping these glasses. One glass, two glass, three glass, four glass, five glass in a box. in a box, there is a box, there is a rounded box where I have kept these glasses, right. So that is a carton I have taken in that I have placed these glasses. This is termed as bundle. This is termed as bundle. This is a cell. This is a cell. Cell name is fiber. It is having myofibril. I have placed this in the box. So bundle form, I have placed this in a carton. All these things, they are present in a carton, in a round carton. So that means we are talking about the bundle. This is a bundle, right? Where the muscle fibers, they are present. Bundle, is clear? Now these bundles, now I have a bigger carton. I have a bigger carton. In that bigger carton, I have placed small, small, small, small cartons. So this is what, this is how a muscle fiber look like. Clear? Now the muscle fiber outer layer outer layer what is that? That is the endomycium then sarcoplasmic reticulum is there the sarcoplasma liquid is there the sarcolema the covering is also there various fiber like structure I have given you these fibers they are present. Now in detail buddies what do we have to discuss this pen what is this the fiber this is a Unit. This is the one which is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of this fiber. Okay. Clear. Now hope all of you will not forget this in your life. So what is this? What all structure? Hope it is clear. Let's proceed further. Muscle. Structured detail we have to discuss. Here the structure which I have drawn that is a fibral. Myofibril I am writing pen. Pen. Right. Let's write. Now let's write pen. Pen is what? The myofibril. Myofibril. Right. When I am saying pens in glass, pens in glass. So that means I am talking about the muscle fiber or the cell. When I am saying the glasses. in glasses in let's say cardboard and glasses in box. So that means I am talking about the bundles. Bundles are there. So when I am saying boxes in bigger box, bigger box. So that is your muscle is. So muscles are having various bundles, bundles are having fibers, fibers are having myofibrils. So I have given you a beautiful, beautiful example of the structure. Let's talk about the myofibril. Many students they say ma'am myofibrils these are the cells. No, these are the fibers. And these fibers they are responsible for the contraction and relaxation. These fibers they are further made up of actin and myosin. Is this topic clear? Yes everyone. Now this is how it look like, this is how myofibril look like. Now as I have told you many times that this myofibril is made up of two different things. Myofibril is made up of two different things. One is termed as actin, now second one is termed as myosin. These are the proteins basically. They help in the process of contraction, relaxation of a muscle fiber. Now this is how it look like. Now here slowly and slowly buddies we will be looking at the structure in detail. Now this band you can see some dark band is there. These are the dark band. Guys can you see this is the dark band. Dark band. This is the dark band is there. Clear? The dark band name. The name of this dark band is what? This is termed as this particular band. What is this? That is termed as. A band. Are you getting this point? A band. A band. This is A band. All these are A band. A band. Why A band? A is because of, here I am writing, A is because of anisotropic. Anisotropic band. Anisotropic band. Clear? Why an isotropic? I will be discussing. Wait, wait. Just have some patience. Now, within the A band, can you see an amputee space? Now, this particular space. Let's first talk about another thing. Can you see this light band? Now, this one, This is termed as I band. I band. So I means isotropic band. Isotropic band. Now isotropic band this is dark. You can see this is light. Nothing new, very easy. Very, very, very easy. Now, let's go detail into the A band. In the A band, guys, can you see this area which is light? In the whole A band, there is one area which is light, which is not that dark. This is termed as H So what is H band? I am writing over here H band. H band is what? H's band is light area, slightly light area between the A band. Now guys can you see this greenish structure? Line. This is termed as M line. This is termed as M line. Now, this is also M line. This is also M line. Clear? Clear? Hope I am able to make this topic super duper interesting and easy for you. M line is clear? Now, let's talk about the I band. We have talked enough about the A band. Now, it's time for I band. In between the I band, you will see a band. And a thick band like this. This is termed as, this is another line present. This is termed as the Z line. Z line. This is termed as the Z line. Now look at this structure. Z line. This is a Z line. In between you will find the A band, the A band, proper A band, there is a M line, this is how its structure look like. Clear? Now this is termed as 1 sarcomere. This is termed as one sarcomere. So that means this area guys this area this area from one z line to another z line having half of so what does it include? Having half of guys if you'll not focus you'll not be able to understand. It contains half of half half of your eye band eye band on both side on both side on both side second complete one complete one a band complete one a band is there right so that is termed as one sarcomere if someone ask you what is one sarcomere now hope guys you will be able to give a correct answer dear Now can I draw a structure of one sarcomere? Can I make a easiest diagram of a one sarcomere? Now that will be super interesting, super good for you if you will be able to recall things now. Thank you. Now I am just making buddies a diagram of one sarcomere. Yes? Oh, oh, oh. Now this is how it look like, a detailed structure buddies. Now let's label things over here. What is this? This is a A band. I told you here we are having half of I band. Here half of I band is there. Now here one more sarcomere. This line is Z line. Half I band is there. And here also buddies we are having half of I band. I band of both the sides includes one sarcomere. What is this? This is your Z line. Clear? Now. Okay. this is your m line what is this this is your edge zone this is your edges this is your h zone this is your a band this is your half of the a band this is your z line everything we have discussed clear yeah clear clear clear so this is a structure of a sarcomere structure of sarcomere Clear? Now how does the muscle contraction occur? What all things are there? What is active? What is myosin? How does it look like? We will be looking at that structure in detail but not today that means in the next class. So see you guys in the next class. Okay. See you in the next class. So hope you guys enjoyed the today's class. How was it? Do let me know in the comment section. We are doing so much of hard work so that we can attain that particular word before our name that is a doctor. All the best for you. Chavibab is always with you. Take care. See you in the next class with the same chapter locomotion and movement and the session number two. Bye bye guys.

So, how we are going to proceed? I will discuss with you. Locomotion and movement chapter is easy chapter, right? It's not difficult, it is easy.

Two to three questions, right? they directly come from this chapter and that I will assure you that the sessions which I will be taking the four sessions which I will be taking questions will be from those sessions only. The reason is we are focusing primarily on NCRT each and every line of NCRT I always try to include in my sessions. Okay so locomotion and movement four session I am going to take and these four session we will be completing your whole chapter. Now what all things we are going to study in this chapter?

Locomotion is all about the movement of an organism. Locomotion helps in the change in the location, right? What I am doing is I am moving from one place to another. What is this? This is locomotion, right?

I am writing something on board. This is also a kind of a movement. Whereas my eyelids you can see there is a continuous movement. So that is also a kind of a locomotion. So all these are also a kind of sorry movement.

So, what is the difference between locomotion and the movement and also what are the structures which are associated with it and how these movement happens in our body is it under the control of our will or sometime it is like yes these are not in our control we will be discussing that the type of muscles and yes the most important part of this chapter is the diseases. Diseases, different diseases are there related to the muscle contraction. That also we will be taking care in these four sessions. Clearly, clear?

Everybody ready for today's class? So there are some rules which you have to follow. Like I discussed that in my most of the sessions. The first thing is whenever guys you are watching the sessions, make sure with the sessions only you are making your notes.

Because these notes whatever you are making right now with me what do you what will you get you will get the things in the written form in your own own handwriting that means you will be having your own notes this is the primarily thing this is the very first thing. Now the second thing is when we are studying something and along with the studying something along with reading something along with someone is saying something we are writing that as well. So that means overall those things to be imprinted in your mind, you can say the probability of imprinting increases. Are you getting that point?

Because you are writing that as well. Your mind is active, you are writing that as well. So it is going to help you. Later on many students what they do is they watch the session.

Okay, they will watch the session for 20 minutes. They will watch the session for 30 minutes and later on they will like. okay ma'am we'll watch that okay we'll watch this later on in the evening or the next day i'll tell you the next day will not at all come if you have started this session make sure you complete this one hour and that is my responsibility to engage you over here for another 50 to 60 minute lecture which we will be having today so on a positive note let's start this session of locomotion and movement we will be completing this chapter in four session like i told you So topics to be covered today we will be talking about muscle but yes before that I would like to give you some introduction. Let's talk about the chapter is all about two different name one is movement and second one is termed as locomotion right. We have to discuss this please guys please focus.

Now movement is what movement is this particular movement which I am doing with my hand this is also a kind of movement right. This is movement. In this case, you can take an example of all example.

Let's say what all example you have. Let's say the movement of eyelid. Movement of eyelid.

eyelids movement right movement of limbs movement of limbs limbs movement right your hand movement your legs movement These are also a kind of movement, right? And in fact, there are some movements which are happening inside our body as well. I will be discussing that.

Now, other than that, what all movements do you know? What all movements guys do you know? We are moving.

In fact, in our body also, there are some kind of ciliary movement happening. Ciliary movements are happening in our body. Now ciliary movements for example buddies you all know about the fallopian tube. So in case of fallopian tube the cilias are present and these cilia they help in the movement of the eggs.

Similarly in upper respiratory tract we are having cilia. Those cilia they help in the movement. So all these are the kind of movement.

Are you getting this point? All these are movement. If I am moving my fingers this is also a kind of movement.

In fact, in our cells movement, we are having body cells. Let's take an example of a WBC. WBC, they are moving from one place to another.

And how do they move? They show the process of diapidasis like we have seen in the previous chapter. That is, they can squeeze between the blood vessels.

That is also a kind of movement. So all these are movement. So movement not only means that I am moving from this particular position to another. So it means the other things are also happening inside my body.

Now let's take the example of erector pili. Now whenever we are we are fed of something or something happens some muscles or some structures in our body they rise up. Erector pili you remember these muscles they rise up some goosebumps.

So that is also a movement which happens in our body. We say that these are the goosebumps. We get goosebumps whenever some scary things happen, excited when we are like various situations this happens. So that is also a kind of movement. There are various organisms who move with the help of flagella, right?

Flagella, flagellary movement. There are flagellary movement also. Yes, in human also we have an example of a flagella.

Not only the lower organism. In fact, we have an example of the sperm having the tail. You remember? And the tail helps in the movement.

So that they can move from the reproductive part. They can move from the vagina and they can reach up to the fallopian tube where the fertilization can happen. So that is also a kind of movement.

But when these movement helps in change in position. That is termed as locomotion, right? When movement helps in change in location is called locomotion.

locomotion, locomotion, right. Now this locomotion is basically because of the skeletal muscles. So this is because of skeletal muscles, skeletal muscles. Because I am talking about humans. Because this chapter is all about humans.

Now because these skeletal muscles, the skeletal muscles, right? They are associated with the skeleton, right? Name itself indicate. Skeletal muscles are associated with skeleton. With?

Skeletal means bone that means that various bones are there which helps in the movement process. So locomotion is clear right clear. Now we are having the girdle movements also we are having these pectoral girdle movement and in fact the limbs we move so all these these are the locomotion. So that means what is happening there is change in the location.

So. Let's talk about the types of movement. Let's focus on the types of movement. What type of movement do we know about or that movement which happens in the body. Let's talk about the first one.

That is the ciliary moment. Ciliary moment. Ciliary moment.

Now ciliary moment you all know that is it is because of the cilia. Right. It is because of the cilia. And I have given you one example that it is cilia in the fallopian tube. Cilia in fallopian tube.

tube helps in helps in movement of egg movement of egg right from where because in the fallopian tube so it should reach at a particular location that is ampullary is to make region where the fertilization will happen clear this clear Not only these, in fact the cilia is also present in the upper respiratory tract. Cilia of upper respiratory tract helps in movement of movement of dust, dust particle out of, out of respiratory tract, out of respiratory tract. Clear?

Ciliary movement. Let's take another example of a flagella movement. Similarly, The flagella, they are also present.

Flagellar movement. Flagellar movement. So, flagellar movement, that is because of the flagella. That is because of the flagella.

Now, for example, the human sperm. Human sperm. Now, this movement.

The third type of movement which we all know that is the muscular movement. I am writing over here the muscular movement. That is because of the skeletal muscle.

That is because of the skeletal muscle. Now in this chapter, this chapter is all about skeletal muscle. So we will be dealing with the skeletal muscle in detail. So this is because of the skeletal muscle skeletal muscles so skeletal muscles helps in the movement basically now detail we will be discussing so don't worry about it so fourth we are having is the amoeboid movement amoeboid movement amoeboid moment. So what is this amoeboid moment all about?

Amoeboid moment is all about the amoeba, amoeba like moment, the pseudopodia like moment. These are shown by the leukocyte. For example, the leukocyte, right?

You remember in the previous chapter, we have talked about the diapidasis. One example I am giving you, diapidasis, that means they can squeeze from the blood vessel and they can go outside, right? Squeezing, WBC, leukocyte. So, these are the some types of movement. So, locomotion word is clear.

Hope the movement word is clear. Hope the type of the movement which you can see over here, that is also clear to all my buddies. Now, let's proceed further. Let's talk about basically this chapter is all about the muscles.

So, if this chapter is having... two different part the first one we have to discuss the muscles right the cardiac muscles also we have to discuss but not in detail the skeletal muscle and the smooth muscle three muscles but detail we will be discussing regarding the skeletal muscle because skeletal muscle is that muscle which helps in the process of locomotion clear bodies now you Then we will be talking about the skeletal system that means what kind of bones are present here, what kind of bone are present here, in our facial also in the skull which bones are present, the vertebral column bone, the ribs etc, the pelvic girdle, pectoral girdles, your limb muscle, all these sorry limb bones, all these bones we will be studying. So one part of this chapter is bone, the second part of this chapter which we are discussing that is a muscle. So this is the one part, the part one we are going to start. Clear?

So muscles. First of all let's talk about the characteristic features of these muscles. So one of the basic characteristics of these muscles is that they are mesodermal in origin. First point.

They are mesodermal in origin. Mesodermal in origin. Are you getting this point? Mesodermal. The second point is that they are responsible for, they are responsible for, look at this point.

They are responsible for 40 to 50% of body weight. 40 to 50% of body weight is because of the muscles present in our body. So, if you are saying that your weight is this much, so majorly 40 to 50 percent it is the muscles present in your body. Now, how many muscles they are present?

So, number of muscles, number of muscles. So, this data is on an average 639 muscles are present now these 639 muscles which are there they are present from the birth that means with time with time there is no increase in the number of muscles right are you getting this point when i'm saying the number of muscles so number of muscle is 639 so that means when a child is born when a baby is born in that case also 639 muscles are there and whenever guys are An adult we talk about the number of muscle they remain same. In case of let's take an example of those who do bodybuilding.

The number of muscles they are same. So number of muscles they are same. But in fact you should understand there is development of those muscles. That means those muscles they will be developed.

Right. Clear. So 639 muscles are there. And these show hypertrophy.

hypertrophy hypertrophy means increase in size right hypertrophy means hypertrophy hyper means it means what increase in size increase in size right second word also yes sometime this can be what is hyperplasia hyperplasia so do not show i'll discuss this you Do not show hyperplasia. Hyperplasia. See guys, I am giving you all the detailed notes. Detailed notes guys, I am providing you.

So hyperplasia means, it means what? It means increase in number. It means increase in number.

Yes, they do not increase in number. Once their number is 639, it will remain like this. No increase in them will be seen.

Clear? Out of these, some muscles, they are paired and some muscles, they are single. They are single.

Some are paired, some are... singly they are present. Now the characteristic feature there are four different properties which your NCRT talks about. Let's have a look. So let's talk about the properties.

Very very very important. This is your neat PYQ. I'm writing important. Everybody please note this down.

This can be asked in your examination. First point is what is the first point? So they show excitability excitability excitability first point is they show excitability I'll be explaining these points to you excitability second is contract ability third point is extensibility Right, fourth point is the elasticity.

these are the four properties shown by muscle first thing is excitability excitability that means they are they can change the potential so that they can become excitable they are excitable that is the reason they show the process of contractibility the contraction and relaxation contraction and relaxation now these muscles they are having capability of converting chemical energy into mechanical energy i'll tell you how contractibility so for example i'll give you the example of the nerve fibers so nerve fibers they are also uh show the process of excitability that means nerve cells the neurons they are excited right the polarization and the depolarization process we'll be looking at that in detail now the contractibility they can contract and relax they can extents because of the contraction their size will be less because of the relaxation their size will be more how does it happen we'll be discussing that now this property is termed as elasticity because they can increase in the size they can decrease in the size so that is the elasticity or four property now one of the question which was asked from this topic is out of the four feature these four features they are directly given in ncrt out of these four feature the one feature which is seen in case of the neurons what is that that is the excitability so excitability is the one which is shown in the nervous system they do not show the contractibility they do not show the extensibility they do not show the elasticity but they are having a characteristics of the elastic uh sorry excitability yeah so these is the things which you have to remember so c and triple e One contractibility EEE, 3E. See, triple E. Okay.

Now, let's talk about the types of muscles. So, second thing which we have to study today, another thing which we have to study, we have to discuss in fact so many things. Let's talk about the types of muscles present in our body.

Guys, we have discussed this in the previous chapter also, structure organization in animals. types of muscle cells etc. So muscles there are three type of muscles present. One is termed as the skeletal muscle.

Second you all know that is the cardiac muscle. Third we all know that is the smooth muscle. smooth muscles these are the three type of muscles present in our body this chapter is basically about the skeletal muscle in detail but yes i'll be giving an overview of the cardiac muscles also we will be discussing some examples of the smooth muscles also and how does it function so majorly this chapter is all about the skeletal muscles right and the skeleton that's it that's it buddies that's it about this chapter now Let's discuss these muscles one by one.

So, let's first talk about the skeletal muscle. Some basic feature I'll be dealing. Then there's some basic feature of the cardiac muscle, some basic feature of the, you know about this, right? It's not the case you don't remember, you know about this. Now, first let's talk about the skeletal muscle.

Skeletal muscle. skeletal muscles. So, name itself indicate these muscles they are associated with skeleton.

Associated with skeleton. Majorly they are involved, majorly I am not saying all of them but majorly they are involved in the locomotion. Clear? Now, the second one The skeletal muscle fiber, they are multinucleated. Multinucleated.

Multinucleated. These are the some characteristic feature everybody. They are striated.

striated now striated means we will be looking at there are the bands of the striation you will find the striation is there why does it look like a striated one i'll be discussing that don't at all worry Clear? They are voluntary. Voluntary. So voluntary muscle that means they are under the control of our will.

Right? They have or let's do the structure first then I will be discussing this. Unbranched. So many things are there but let's first draw the diagram.

So this is how the striation look like. Striation, they are striated. You can see there is dark band, light band etc. These are the skeleton muscle because of this we will later on see. that because of the distriation is because of the alternative dark and the light band.

Atin and myosin role are there. Clear? Unbranched voluntary control. Cylindrical. multi nucleated have sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Clear? Now they are multi-nucleated. Lots of nucleus are present.

Unbranched. Another feature is let's write unbranched. right now have sarcolemma now what is sarcolemma i'll be discussing that later on just have some patience skeletal muscle is clear right so there are muscles which are associated with our body various muscles are there now let's talk about the second type of muscle which is your cardiac muscle cardiac muscles.

So, cardiac muscles these name itself indicate these are those muscles which are associated with heart associated with heart and not only with heart in fact you are going to find it with the some major structures also which is your superior vena cava major vein vena cava and pulmonary vein pulmonary vein right these muscles they are also cylindrical cylindrical uni nucleated uni nucleated these muscles they are branched muscle Branched muscle, these are the striated muscle, right? Right, striated muscles they are and they show they are having the property of excitability, self-excitability the property they are having. Show.

self excitability right cardiac muscle we have discussed that because these muscles they are important for the contraction and relaxation of atria and the ventricle you remember so these are same your cardiac muscles okay now let's look at the diagram They are also striated but they are branched. The reason why they are branched is because you know they have to show the process of the excitation and that excitation they have to travel or they have to pass to the nearby muscle fiber. That is the reason they are branched.

See each and every property which is there they are having a particular kind of role. Clear? This is how the cardiac muscles look like.

Clear? Are you getting this point? Now they have the property of showing the self excitability.

Okay? Clear buddies? Now they because they show the excitability because they are having intercalated disc.

What do they have is intercalated disc. Now Moving on to the next we are having is the third type that is the smooth muscle smooth muscles. Now buddies look at this. Now as I have discussed about this they are the voluntary in control these are involuntary.

So you can note this down. They are involuntary, not in our control, involuntary. Now, let's talk about the smooth muscles. Smooth muscles are those muscles which are found in the lower, not the upper, lower the digestive tract.

Lower digestive tract. They are associated with lungs. They are associated with the urinary bladder.

Urinary bladder. They are the one which are associated with the uterus. Right. Like this lots of lots of smooth muscles they are present in our body.

Now these in fact. When we talk about the skeletal muscles, skeletal muscles they are present in upper digestive tract. So one more example you can take over here that they are present in upper digestive tract.

Upper digestive tract. Guys you have already done these topics in the chapter skeleton. Your what was the name of that chapter? Oh just I just forgot structure organization in animal. No smooth muscles are clear.

Let's talk about the another feature. They are spindle shaped. They are spindle shaped, right?

They are uninucleated. They are non-striated, non-striated, right? They are under the control of the ANS. under the control of autonomous nervous system which helps in their contraction and relaxation, clear and yes they are definitely involuntary, this was also involuntary right, this is also involuntary.

Non striated single nucleus is present and that nucleus is present in the center. Now would you like to have a look at the diagram, so this is how the spindle shaped structure look like. They are having nucleus present over here.

Clear? Clear? Just rough diagram and everything related to this I have given you. Now let's move further. Let's talk about the structure of skeletal muscle.

Now in detail buddies we have to discuss the skeletal muscle. skeletal muscles Now skeletal muscles are those muscles first you know that it is associated with our skeletal system and in fact in the upper digestive track they are present. For example I will give you one example whenever you take food in your mouth you swallow that food by yourself it doesn't happen involuntary you do that so that is the term that is the reason we call it it is present in the upper digestive track not in the lower one. Lower one the peristalsis the digestion. the churning action and in fact all those things the movement that is because of the smooth muscles which are there now the skeletal muscle basically buddies we have to deal the skeletal muscle with respect to the structure but before talking about the structure you should know that these muscles the one substance which is rich in it the most important question that is the potassium so what all do they contain they contain potassium This is the richest substance.

You will find the calcium also. You will find sodium also. But this is present in maximum amount. Clear? Respiratory pigment.

Please remember. Respiratory pigment which is present in them. is termed as myoglobin.

Now this myoglobin is also termed as skeletal hemoglobin. They also show the process of the respiration. Here also the respiration occurs. But over here guys the pyruvic acid is converted into the lactic acid and lactic acid later goes to the liver and over there it is stored in the form of a glycogen.

So they also show anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration, right? Anaerobic respiration. So in anaerobic respiration, the pyruvic acid is converted into the lactic acid.

Now this lactic acid goes to the liver where the lactic acid is converted into the glycogen. Now how does it occur? This you have already done. Just an overview guys I am providing you. Other than that you will find the urea is also there.

Everything is present over here. Now these are the skeletal muscle. Yes these skeletal muscles they are also tired. That like you know it's not yes they show action but yes they do get tired also. Fatigue right.

So one thing you have to remember they. show fatigue. They show fatigue. Now let's talk about buddies the structure.

Structure of skeletal muscle fiber. Now I am making the diagram which is there in your NCRT super duper simple for you. So this is how a skeletal muscle look like.

I am making a TS of the skeletal muscles. I am making a TS of a skeletal muscle. It's a muscle.

It's a long muscle. And now I am showing how will it look like. Here some bundles are present.

Here you will find some bundles are there. some bundles. Are you getting this point?

These are the bundles. You will find some bundles are there like this. Right?

You will find some bundles. Clear? Now these are, this is how it look like.

But when you will make a TS, this is how it is going to look like. Like this structures are present. Clear?

So this is how it will look like. Some bundles are there. Now these muscle fibers which you can see there is a covering. There is a connective tissue covering around it.

This connective tissue. Connective tissue. Now I am making the topic super easy for you.

Connective tissue covering is there. Now this connective tissue covering is termed as epimycem. Now this connective tissue is covered at epimycem.

Covering is epimycem. I am talking about the hole. Now here buddies you can see some round round structure. Now let's focus on these round structure and let's have a look how do they appear. How do they appear?

Now let's open this structure. Let's open this structure. This is how it will appear, right?

Here one layer is present which is termed as fascia. Here also buddies you will find some rounded structure. Now I am making buddies the thing super duper easy. Please have a look and I will give you one example of this as well.

So like this it is present in everyone. Everyone. Now this structure, this structure if you look at this structure it has further structure like this.

I will show you how does it look like. Wait. Now this is a muscle, this is a muscle, right.

In this muscle you will find the muscle bundles, right, bundle fibers, bundle fibers, muscular bundle, bundle fibers, right, right, bundles are there, bundles are there. Now if you will open this one, If you will open this once. These are the bundle fibers. So these are the fibers. Muscle fibers.

Muscle fiber. Now in the detail one you will see the muscle fiber is there. Muscle fiber is there.

Clear? The connective tissue covering around the muscle is termed as epimysium. Covering is epimysium.

Now we have zoomed this image. We have zoomed this image. Now this outermost covering which I have drawn in the green, this is termed as perimyceum.

Perimyceum. Perimyceum. See how detailed this structure is.

So this a beautiful example I am going to give you. Now below this there is facia. facia present.

Below this you will find facia. Let's further zoom this structure. Let's further zoom this truck.

Let's make this little big. Now this is one muscle fiber, this is one muscle fiber and if you will zoom up this, zoom up this, you will find a structure like this, right? This is a muscle fiber present.

Now what is this? This is a myofibril. This is a myofibril which is present.

Now if you zoom up this myofibril, this is how it will look like. Are you getting this point? Now there is one covering. The covering is there. And this covering is termed as, this particular covering, this is termed as endomycem.

This is endomycem. Look at this diagram. Look at this diagram. Please focus on the structure because now it is super duper interesting. This is myofibril.

What is this diagram? This is a diagram of a single myofibril. Now this myofibril is made up of two things. One is actin and second is myosin.

So you can see alternate band of the light and the dark structures are there. This is because of the actin and myosin. It's not only because of actin, it's not only because of the myosin.

So simultaneously these structures are there and these structures they are responsible. Clear? Clear?

Muscle fiber. Clear? The muscle fiber structure.

Yes. Now look at this, look at this structure. Here, here one covering you will find, your NCERT talks about this covering which is termed as sarcoplasm, sarcolema sorry. Now this is termed as sarcolema. Here a fluid is filled which is termed as sarco.

Now this structure is multinucleated, slots of nucleus you are going to find over here. This is multinucleated, multinucleated structures. Clear? Now, they will be having sarcoplasmic reticulum also like that of endoplasmic reticulum.

Now, do you want me to explain this topic again? I can do that. Now, listen.

Many students, in fact, when I was a student like you, at that time also I used to get confused. That, ma'am, what is muscle cell? The structure which we have drawn over here.

Ma'am, what is this? What is this skeletal muscle? What is this skeletal muscle? So I used to confuse at that time also.

I don't know whether you are confused or not. So what is this muscle fiber or this muscle cell? Now this structure can you see the fiber?

This muscle fiber. Please note this down. This muscle fiber, muscle fiber which is there, muscle fiber which is there, this is the muscle, the skeletal muscle cell. muscle cell, the skeletal muscle cell, this is a cell, right. Now this cell, this cell is striated, sorry, this cell is having lots of, how can I show you, wish, Now let's take this example.

For that I need one more pen. Okay, it's okay. So consider that it is a cell. This is a muscle cell. This is a muscle cell, right?

Muscle cell. Now what is another name of this muscle cell? Muscle fiber.

Muscle cell is in the form of a fiber. Now there are various structures present like this. Various pens I am keeping in this cylindrical structure.

Various pens are there. Now these pens they are myofibrils. These pens are the myofibril.

Are you getting this point? Now what I am doing is I am keeping these glasses. One glass, two glass, three glass, four glass, five glass in a box.

in a box, there is a box, there is a rounded box where I have kept these glasses, right. So that is a carton I have taken in that I have placed these glasses. This is termed as bundle.

This is termed as bundle. This is a cell. This is a cell.

Cell name is fiber. It is having myofibril. I have placed this in the box.

So bundle form, I have placed this in a carton. All these things, they are present in a carton, in a round carton. So that means we are talking about the bundle.

This is a bundle, right? Where the muscle fibers, they are present. Bundle, is clear? Now these bundles, now I have a bigger carton.

I have a bigger carton. In that bigger carton, I have placed small, small, small, small cartons. So this is what, this is how a muscle fiber look like. Clear? Now the muscle fiber outer layer outer layer what is that?

That is the endomycium then sarcoplasmic reticulum is there the sarcoplasma liquid is there the sarcolema the covering is also there various fiber like structure I have given you these fibers they are present. Now in detail buddies what do we have to discuss this pen what is this the fiber this is a Unit. This is the one which is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of this fiber.

Okay. Clear. Now hope all of you will not forget this in your life.

So what is this? What all structure? Hope it is clear. Let's proceed further. Muscle.

Structured detail we have to discuss. Here the structure which I have drawn that is a fibral. Myofibril I am writing pen.

Pen. Right. Let's write. Now let's write pen.

Pen is what? The myofibril. Myofibril. Right.

When I am saying pens in glass, pens in glass. So that means I am talking about the muscle fiber or the cell. When I am saying the glasses. in glasses in let's say cardboard and glasses in box. So that means I am talking about the bundles.

Bundles are there. So when I am saying boxes in bigger box, bigger box. So that is your muscle is. So muscles are having various bundles, bundles are having fibers, fibers are having myofibrils. So I have given you a beautiful, beautiful example of the structure.

Let's talk about the myofibril. Many students they say ma'am myofibrils these are the cells. No, these are the fibers. And these fibers they are responsible for the contraction and relaxation. These fibers they are further made up of actin and myosin.

Is this topic clear? Yes everyone. Now this is how it look like, this is how myofibril look like.

Now as I have told you many times that this myofibril is made up of two different things. Myofibril is made up of two different things. One is termed as actin, now second one is termed as myosin.

These are the proteins basically. They help in the process of contraction, relaxation of a muscle fiber. Now this is how it look like. Now here slowly and slowly buddies we will be looking at the structure in detail.

Now this band you can see some dark band is there. These are the dark band. Guys can you see this is the dark band. Dark band.

This is the dark band is there. Clear? The dark band name.

The name of this dark band is what? This is termed as this particular band. What is this?

That is termed as. A band. Are you getting this point?

A band. A band. This is A band. All these are A band. A band.

Why A band? A is because of, here I am writing, A is because of anisotropic. Anisotropic band.

Anisotropic band. Clear? Why an isotropic? I will be discussing.

Wait, wait. Just have some patience. Now, within the A band, can you see an amputee space?

Now, this particular space. Let's first talk about another thing. Can you see this light band?

Now, this one, This is termed as I band. I band. So I means isotropic band.

Isotropic band. Now isotropic band this is dark. You can see this is light.

Nothing new, very easy. Very, very, very easy. Now, let's go detail into the A band. In the A band, guys, can you see this area which is light?

In the whole A band, there is one area which is light, which is not that dark. This is termed as H So what is H band? I am writing over here H band. H band is what? H's band is light area, slightly light area between the A band.

Now guys can you see this greenish structure? Line. This is termed as M line. This is termed as M line.

Now, this is also M line. This is also M line. Clear?

Clear? Hope I am able to make this topic super duper interesting and easy for you. M line is clear?

Now, let's talk about the I band. We have talked enough about the A band. Now, it's time for I band.

In between the I band, you will see a band. And a thick band like this. This is termed as, this is another line present.

This is termed as the Z line. Z line. This is termed as the Z line. Now look at this structure. Z line.

This is a Z line. In between you will find the A band, the A band, proper A band, there is a M line, this is how its structure look like. Clear? Now this is termed as 1 sarcomere.

This is termed as one sarcomere. So that means this area guys this area this area from one z line to another z line having half of so what does it include? Having half of guys if you'll not focus you'll not be able to understand. It contains half of half half of your eye band eye band on both side on both side on both side second complete one complete one a band complete one a band is there right so that is termed as one sarcomere if someone ask you what is one sarcomere now hope guys you will be able to give a correct answer dear Now can I draw a structure of one sarcomere?

Can I make a easiest diagram of a one sarcomere? Now that will be super interesting, super good for you if you will be able to recall things now. Thank you. Now I am just making buddies a diagram of one sarcomere. Yes?

Oh, oh, oh. Now this is how it look like, a detailed structure buddies. Now let's label things over here.

What is this? This is a A band. I told you here we are having half of I band. Here half of I band is there. Now here one more sarcomere.

This line is Z line. Half I band is there. And here also buddies we are having half of I band.

I band of both the sides includes one sarcomere. What is this? This is your Z line.

Clear? Now. Okay. this is your m line what is this this is your edge zone this is your edges this is your h zone this is your a band this is your half of the a band this is your z line everything we have discussed clear yeah clear clear clear so this is a structure of a sarcomere structure of sarcomere Clear?

Now how does the muscle contraction occur? What all things are there? What is active?

What is myosin? How does it look like? We will be looking at that structure in detail but not today that means in the next class.

So see you guys in the next class. Okay. See you in the next class.

So hope you guys enjoyed the today's class. How was it? Do let me know in the comment section. We are doing so much of hard work so that we can attain that particular word before our name that is a doctor. All the best for you.

Chavibab is always with you. Take care. See you in the next class with the same chapter locomotion and movement and the session number two.

Bye bye guys.

Transcript for:Understanding Locomotion and Muscle Types

Transcript for:
Understanding Locomotion and Muscle Types