hi everyone today we're going to continue looking at states of matter and to start with i'm very interested in you learning really about how the particles in matter behave when they're in those different states as always if you need to get a hold of me please use my email address that's r crawford at jcpsmail.org without any further ado let's jump right in all right so when we talk about the states of matter i would be remiss if i didn't at least take a moment to review what matter is the most basic definition that you'll see in science classes for matter is anything that has mass and volume now when we talk about mass mass is really just how much stuff is inside of an object so really the way i really appreciate students thinking about this is things that are less massive have fewer particles inside of them whereas things that are more massive they're made from more particles and by particles we really mean atoms and molecules okay so mass is just to measure the amount of matter in an object when we talk about uh volume we're talking about the amount of space that an object takes up so you know if we say something takes up a lot of space uh well then we can say something that takes up less space and so volume is the amount of space an object takes up whereas mass is the amount of matter in an object okay so that's the most basic definition you're gonna always gonna run into but i don't feel like it's the best one um this is really the definition that i think is most helpful for you when you think of matter i just want you to think about anything that's made of atoms and or molecules that is mostly everything on earth excluding energy and so that includes anything that's land water air living things pretty much anything you can imagine uh that is made of atoms and that is of course that generic term that we call matter so what are states because we're talking about the states of matter well we really just mean those different physical forms of matter and uh of course i mean solid liquid gas one of the substances here on earth that we encounter in all three states of matter pretty commonly is of course water so in its solid form solid physical form we call it ice now in its liquid form which is where we most often see it when it's outside of temperature extremes we just call it water we don't say it's liquid water when it changes into a gas we call it water vapor so those states are just these three physical forms so states of matter so let's take a look at those particles the very first thing i would want you to understand is that you need to you need to commit to memory how the particles move because how the particles move and what they're doing when they're moving and they're never still uh is really sort of a key to success so the particles in solids uh we're going to find that these particles inside of a solid here inside of this tube uh this uh erlenmeyer flask we we're gonna find that they are vibrating in place these these atoms in here are not able to move around from position to position okay so they can only vibrate or jiggle in place if we were to compare that to what's going on with the particles of a liquid how are they moving well these particles are able to sort of rotate around one another they're able to slide past each other and tumble over one another so the particles themselves are able to move from place to place if we look and compare how a liquid uh is to a gas we're going to find that gas particles well they are moving very fast these particles can move at over 1500 miles per hour and they just bounce around at really high speeds and so vibrate in place is what solids do rotate around slide past and tumble over each other that's what we're going to find for liquids and these gas particles well these things are just bouncing around at very high speeds all right in addition to what is happening with the particle motion when you think about how close together the particles are this is something that the reading brought up and i think some of you maybe took some some understandings from the reading that aren't true so these particles inside of a solid they're very close together they're often organized in rows and uh we're going to find that sometimes these can be closest together now that is not always true i do want you to know that if we look at liquids the particles are also very close together here sometimes in solids we're going to find that they are closer together but it's not always the truth so in general the particles in both solids and liquids we're just going to say they're very close together whereas if we compare that to the particles and gas we're going to find that these particles and gases are very far apart so we have some similarity here between the solid and liquid but not so much with the gas okay one of the things some of you understand that to move between these phases of matter that we can add heat or remove heat and so we want to also look at the amount of heat energy that each one of these states of matter has so if we look at solids um they are the least jiggly they have the least motion remember they can only vibrate in place so we we would say that they don't have very much motion and not very much heat um as we move up that continuum uh we're going to find that the particles in a liquid well they have more heat energy now they don't have the most but they have some heat energy and the particles in a liquid if we were to move some of that heat energy from them we would take away some of that particle motion and it would change back into a solid let's go ahead and add some more heat energy because when we look at gases we find that gases have the most energy and they also have the most particle motion and so least least energy and particle motion we find that in solids the most energy in particle motion we find that in gases and liquids are somewhere in between now uh i just want to do a quick have you remember that we talked about something called imf intermolecular forces so intermolecular forces are those attractive forces between different molecules or atoms and so you know like these two water molecules that are shown here um have an attraction to each other now we don't want to come we don't want to confuse these with intramolecular forces these are the forces inside of an atom and of course by that we mean chemical bonds we're just talking about the the forces when we talk about imf that are between different molecules or between different atoms and try to keep in mind that when those particles are very close together then that we have a very strong imf and as those particles get further apart we find that the the intermolecular force that attraction gets weaker and we can eventually get particles so far apart molecules so far apart that there is actually no intermolecular force between the particles now so let's look at attraction in each one of these states of matter so when we have solids of course we said that solids are often the particles and solids are often very close together we're going to find that these these particles and solids these atoms or molecules have a very strong attraction to each other that imf is very strong now as we sort of once again move along uh when we look at liquids well this very strong attraction we've maybe added some heat to change the solid to a liquid this very strong attraction has been weakened when we move over to a gas we can see that these particles are very far apart and remember the further apart particles are the less likely we are to have any attraction at all and in gas particles there's no real attraction at all so remember adding heat is going to create more motion which is going to push them further apart and it's going to weaken forces how free are the particles to move so when we when we're talking about free to move we also have to think about um really what's going on with the attraction between the particles because these attractions between particles are what limit the freedom or give the freedom so when we look at solids these particles are not free to move at all they are locked into place there is very strong intermolecular forces there that attraction is very strong so they stay put they can still jiggle but they stay locked into a position they can't move from place to place when we look at liquids on the other hand uh we have uh we have given it more energy we've given a liquid more energy which has given these particles more motion and as a result they get pushed a little further apart and so with liquids we find that they are able the particles and liquids they're able to move around they have more freedom notice though that they still stay clumped together right so they still have some attraction but they are not locked into a position they can still move around each other slide past each other rotate around when we look at gases these these particles and gases have a lot of energy as a result um they have been pushed very far apart and these particles are completely free they are able to bounce around at very high speeds and you have complete freedom with gas particles really the imf is completely gone so that really covers it for our states of matter particle behavior we will talk a little bit more about how the behavior of these particles affects the actual properties of solids liquids and gases in the next video hope you guys have a great day