Lecture Notes on Energy Sources

Types of Energy Sources

1. Conventional Sources

   • Sources that have been in use for a long time
   • Main types:
     • Coal
     • Petroleum
     • Natural Gas
     • Atomic Energy
     • Biogas and Biomass
     • Solar Energy
     • Small Hydroelectricity Projects

2. Non-Conventional Sources

   • New technology/developed sources
   • Examples:
     • Oceanic Thermal Energy
     • Wind Energy
     • Biomass Power
     • Solar Power

Coal

• Usage of coal in thermal plants
• Producing areas:
  • Gondwana Region (Madhya Pradesh, Mahanadi, Godavari, Maharashtra, Central and East India)
  • Himalayan Region (Jammu & Kashmir)
• High quality coal (Anthracite): India Limited
• Major areas for Iron and Coal:
  • Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha

Petroleum and Natural Gas

• Major producing areas:
  • Gujarat (since 1976), Mumbai High, Assam, Andhra Pradesh
  • Petroleum refinery: Cochin, Mangalore, Chennai, Trombay, Mumbai
• Oil and gas reserves: Krishna-Godavari Basin, Rajasthan
• Control and distribution:
  • Supplied across the country via pipelines

Nuclear Energy

• Nuclear energy plants:
  • Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh
• Major Uranium sites:
  • Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Jhunjhunu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra
• Major scientific contributions:
  • Homi Jahangir Bhabha

Hydropower

• Major projects:
  • Bhakra Dam, Tehri Dam, Krishna Ganga Project, Gandhi Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar
• Prominent states:
  • Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka

Non-Conventional Energy Sources

1. Solar Energy

   • Utility: Rajasthan, Karnataka
   • Research center: Solar Energy Research Center

2. Wind Energy

   • Major hubs:
     • Tamil Nadu (Kanyakumari)
     • Gujarat, Maharashtra

3. Tidal Energy

   • Prominent areas:
     • Khambhat: Gujarat, Sunderban
   • Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

4. Geothermal Energy

   • Major sites:
     • Manikaran Sahib, Himachal Pradesh
     • Hemkund Sahib, Uttarakhand

5. Biomass and Biogas

   • Sulfbiomass Gasifier, Municipal Waste
   • Bio-diesel production: Plants like Jatropha

Conclusion

• Among various energy sources, coal still plays a significant role, but considering greenhouse effects and other environmental concerns, non-conventional energy sources are being promoted.