hello everyone so hi this is saurabh rana is In the video we will talk about detailed one shot of Solutions chapter wise and also we provide topic wise We will also solve the most important questions What is the first solution? This is a It is a homogenous mixture, meaning it is a uniform mixture is of either two There can be components or more than two Components can be it composition and Properties are uniform through out the mixture now whatever is its composition and Along with that, the property which is of session The solution of two always remains the same Components If there are only two components There is a solute and a solvent present If it happens then we call it binary solution like sugar in water the component present in the largest quantity which is more it is presented in quantity If it is called solvent then sugar in water If water is in large quantity then it The solvent will determine the The physical state in which solution exists to Nor does the solvent itself tell the solution What physical state will sugar in water have? If it is water and liquid then it is also a solution Liquid state will have one more component present in the solution other than solvent r cold solute if solvent is left out The other components present are sugar If it was present, we would call it a salute Next we will talk about types of solutions The first is the gaseous solution which is gaseous The solution contains the solvent what is that gas exists in three types first of all it is gas these gases like air There is air, the air is a mixture of gases are mixture of oxygen and What is nitrogen, solute and solvent Both are gases, next is liquid in gas like chloroform mixed with nitrogen Chloroform is in liquid form it mixes with nitrogen If you do this then what will become of us liquid A solution of these gases is formed and the third is solid in gas solid in gas camphor in nitrogen we know what is camphor If he does a sublimation show then his These are vapors, they create nitrogen Solution of solid in gas is next liquid solution in liquid solution which The solvent is what will always be liquid The first gas will be in liquid oxygen If dissolution happens then we can take it as an example You can also drink carbonated drinks in which co2 disoldering In Disoldering it happens to him Disoldering Solid solution of hydrogen in palladium We know what palladium is There are no hydrogen molecules on the surface they can get attached it is called adsorbed If yes, then that is a kind of solution Next Liquid In Solid Liquid In In solid form such as amalgam of mercury which Its alloy is called amalgam, so mercury with sodium mercury liquid is sodium If it is solid then its alloy is called amalgam of Mercury with sodium so this is the solution What is the solution for the next solid and solid There are alloys, for example, copper Disoldering In solid next is expressing concentration of solution then the concentration of solution We can do concentration in a different way can express the first is mass Percentage is also called w bad mass Percentage of a component component our We can take any solute or solvent are the masses of the components in the solution that What is the mass of the component divided by Total mass of solution * 100 us mass Percentage of component is obtained We assume that we will talk about an example it's 10 on glucose in water by mass now what and how do we write this 10 off Glucose in water if given by mass and or d If the boundary is given, we can write it as 10 g of glucose dissolving okay the mass percentage is we call it Industrial chemicals are normally used Applications that are chemicals in industries For them we use it like An example is commercial bleaching solution What is the commercial bleaching solution? Contains 3.62 mass percentage of sodium hypochlorite in water second volume Percentage is also called v bavi Volume Percentage of a component is equal to Volume of the component What is the volume divided by the total Volume of Solution * 100 us Volume You get percentage, for example, 10 Ethanol solution in water 10% off ethanol in water means which is 10 AA of ethanol It is dissolved in 100 AA of solution Solutions Containing Liquids Are Commonly express then volume percentage we those solution in which both What are both the components solute and solvent it is liquid inside example is 35 v / v of ethene glycol as an antifreeze use it is used in car for cooling engine so to cool the engine ethyne glycol we use and also I mean this anti freezer when the temperature is not what if it goes below 0 degrees So the water can freeze, so What it does is lower freezing point of Water reduces the freezing point of water gives T 25.4 K and - 1.6 degrees Celsius then if the freezing point of water What will happen if the liquid gets reduced He lives in the state and uses the car he owns Third is mass by volume Percentage is also represented by w/v. are it the mass of the solute dissolution then its mass by volume It is also called percentage and it is commonly used It is done in medicine and pharmacy For example, suppose we are given 0.9 w /v off It is 0.9 on w/v off but the one which is of lesser value is ours If it is harmful for us then we measure it are using ppm then parts per million what is the number of parts of the Component divided by total number of Parts of All the Components of the Solution* 10 to the power 6 okay so what do we do because the value is very low We multiply it by 10th power 6 yes we also call it million okay so We increase the value million times ppm can be expressed as mass to The mass is ours, the upper part This could also be the month below could volume to volume by volume It can be volume or mass by volume Maybe an example is sea water 1 liter diya which is 1030 gm Disoldering The value of sea water is very low okay so we assume mass to mass that you If you divide it by this then if you normally Will you divide dissolution from sea water? So you will get dissolved oxygen on these gram of sea water and the value that will be there There will be much less traces If we want the value to be big then what do we do we'll multiply it by 10 to 6 So first if you just divide this by what would have happened if we had done it but gram of sea water The value obtained is very less then 10 p 6 If you multiply it then it will be 1 gram place sea water what are we taking million We are taking grams of sea water and checking it Find out what the total dissolution will be So if you multiply 10 by 6, then This will come to 5.8 g of oxygen at 10 Pa 6 grams of sea water and million grams of sea water and we can write this as 5.8 ppa Fifth is mole fraction its symbol is na kai is the mole fraction of a component of which equals the number of moles of the How many moles of that component are there divided by the total number of moles of all the component suppose we have a binary If it is a mixture and a binary solution, then it has If there are two components a and b then the number of moles is Of a will happen suppose we have taken and number of moles of b nb0 of moles of a n / n + n-b2 / n+ nb1 now this is the mole fraction use this happens in relation to some physical properties Physical Properties of the Solution We are useful for relating In Henry's Law we will study vapor pressure and to relate the concentration of solution We can use mole fraction for this Sixth is molarity, we call it with a capital m represent it is defined edge number of moles of a solute number of moles of solute dissolving 25 molar and kapil m solution of na0 p2 moles of now the molarity of na0 in solution is na it's a function of temperature so if you If you change the temperature then the molarity changes it happens because the The volume depends on the temperature If you increased the temperature volume If it increases then molarity will decrease If you decreased the temperature, volume Molarity decreases, crease increases will happen as a result whatever the molarity is a The next function of temperature is molality it is represented with small m it is Defined as number of moles of the solute number of moles of solute per kilogram of the solvent so we take the weight of the solvent then whose molality will be equal to moles of solute divided by the mass of the Solvent in cage if the unit is talked about So the unit will be mole per kg example gave us 1 mol per kg of 1 molar of kccl.tv Independent of temperature next we will get power We will talk about the question and its solution Given glucose whose molar mass is 180 g but mole in water it's labeled at 10 by mass so this is given to us mass by mass by mass on 10 we get its molality and Molarity is to tell the density of the solution Dia this question of AA 2014 on 1.2g Firstly glucose is given at 10 by mass What is the meaning of by mass which is mass of Glucose will be 10 grams and the mass will be The mass of water will be 100 grams of the solution We can calculate the mass of the solution minus the mass Of glucose then 100 - 10 90 g will be the most First, we need to find out the molality what is molality m is the number of moles of solute divided by mass of Solvent in cage number of moles of solute How do we know that we know that Mass by molar mass given mass of glucose is 10 by what is the molar mass given 180 mass What is the mass of solvent water 90 now Remember this is given to us in grams To convert to kg divide by 1000 then this 1000 will go up and multiply And if you divide it, the answer will be 0.62 m. so this is our answer where as if we If you want to find out molarity then number of moles We know it will be 10/10 but We have to find out the volume of solution The density of solution is given by us. We know The density of solution will be equal to Mass of solution divided by volume we need Here the volume has to be calculated, density is 1.2 mass here we have written 100 grams So we will take out the volume, this will happen 100 / 1.2 AA so molarity of solution The number of moles of solute will become 10/10 What will be the volume of solution due to this divide by 100 goes down to top by 1.2 Now this will come which gave us volume Look here, it was ml per gram, so this The volume was in ml so the volume If you want to convert from ml to liters then 1000 you will divide it by 1000 you will divide it by 1000 So if 1000 goes up then it will be multiplied by If you divide, you will get your answer 0.67 m so this molarity will be L molality next is the solubility solubility of substance is its maximum amount that can B Disoldering of solvent is at particular temperature In that we have maximum quantity of solute How much disoldering I am next on Temperature and Pressure Solubility of solid in liquid every solid does not Disoldering It is delta positive and delta negative Charge takes place where s nepheline and anthra Sana are non polar organic compounds and this Na will not dissolve in benzene Naphthalene and Ant in Water Dissolution in dissolution and which is a non polar solute They Disoldering particles in solution which are salted the particle already in dissolution collides with the solid solute The particle you are adding should be in both Collision happens and they get separated out of the solution which is the solute particle were they dissolved they would have come out of the solution they get converted into solid we call it crystallization remember this What happens initially is dissolution That process is faster and Crystallization is slow but as You add too much solution, right? comes when two opposite processes Dissolution and crystallization of Akar at the At the same rate, both the process dissolution and Meaning crystallization occurs at the same rate you somethin' Disoldering converts it into solid So at this stage there is a dynamic When equilibrium is reached, the solid solute and Solvent and solution reach an equilibrium state gaya at this stage the concentration of The solution becomes constant at a given condition Now the concentration has become constant because the extra solute you used If you add a particle, what will it do? What will happen to the same amount after dissolution If it crystallises then it will be as a result concentration of solution becomes constant there is such a solution at which there is no more solution can be dissolved in a solution which contains more Cannot add solution at given condition of temperature and pressure it is saturated is called solution and the amount of Solute In dissolution of solvent we call it If we talk about solubility, we will say that Solubility depends on nature of solute nature of solvent effect of Temperature and Pressure Effect of Temperature Suppose we will talk about it soon which is a saturated solution and which is a dissolution what is the process it endorses delta a Greater than so according to lease tax If the principal endorses the process then if you increase the temperature Solubility increases and wear age If the dissolution is not azotic then it is Delta A is less than 0 coming in negative then if you increase the temperature then liability decreases next is effect of pressure then there is no effect of pressure there won't be a significant effect because we dissolving solid into liquid what are solid and liquid It is incompressible. Incompressible means that Cannot be compressed as a result Changing the pressure has no effect on it he will not come so they remain unaffected by change These pressures are then called solubility pressures. Change does not bring change, next is the next solubility of a gas in liquid the The solubility of the gas increases ho hae with increase in pressure suppose we there's a container here, there's gases up here here there is a solution so the gases are there What will she do under pressure Other gases in Edgerton are: Disoldering Entering and leaving the solution phase is the Same rate as here, some gaseous The particle will not enter the solution and some of the gases that were in the solution came out They will go away, what will be their rate, it will remain the same will now increase the pressure by compressing gas What we're going to do is use a piston here to do this If we compress it then the overall pressure here will be What will happen if the pressure increases What will happen if the pressure increases now? will increase the number of gas particles unit volume over the solution to the number of unit volume over the gas particle What will be the solution, if it increases will be taken as a result the rate of gas particle Striking the Surface of the Solution The gas particles which increase on the surface Those who are striking should also increase will go more Dissolving of gas will increase Next is Henry's Law it state that at constant temperature the solubility of gas in a liquid which is solubility of gas in liquid happens is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas present [ __ ] the surface of liquid and solution to surface of liquid and solution What will happen above, the more gas there is The greater its partial pressure will be The gas particles will hit its surface and Solubility will increase and Henry's law will be solved We can also write it as the partial pressure of the gas in vapor phase which is partial pressure of gas is the vapor phase which is now the liquid is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution mole fraction which is If that is a term of solubility then as much The gas will have higher mole fraction in the Solution means higher the solubility the more gas is in solution If there is partial pressure then partial pressure is directly proportional to mole Fraction which we represent as kai we will equalize the partial pressure of What is the Henry Law constant of Kai now this which has the value of different gases they have different key values so it is the function of nature of gas to nature of The value of the catch depends on the gas Different K value of different gases hogi higher the value of catch at a given The lower the pressure the more solubility it has keeping different gases for different catches whose value occurs at the same temperature The value of catch is more, isn't it? The solubility decreases here We have an example, we will take the same temperature 293 Kelvin okay we'll take helium Hydrogen Nitrogen And Oxygen You If you compare, helium has the most The value of oxygen is the lowest Meaning the solubility of helium is low and wear age oxygen solubility Catch value of oxygen is high Nitrogen increases with increase of temperature so if you nitrogen and oxygen If you talk about it then it is between 293 and 303 Kelvin. Pe g to ketch value 76 around 88.8 4 Everything is going well with oxygen also similarly you increased the temperature from 293 to 303 The value of Kelvin which is 34 Around 46.8 2 this is also increasing and We know if the value of the cache increases If it is more then the solubility is less Solubility of gases decreases it is happening with increase of temperature Because the value of KS increases here It is happening so that is more They are comfortable in cold water in warm water cold water so are comfortable because the The solubility of gases is higher Next we're in cold water we will talk about the question calculate the Solubility of co2 in water at 298 Kelvin under 760 AA of h us pressure given is k of co2 in water dia at 298 Kelvin is 1.25 10 6 AA of h 2020 If there is a question then we have no solvability I have to tell you the mole fraction of the gas Of The partial pressure given is 760 ampere The value of h ks is given as 1.25 10 Pa 6 am of h so we know the partial pressure il k * mole fraction mole fraction us Tell us what is the solubility partial pressure What is the partial pressure of divide by 760 is given, the value of catch is given as 1.25 If we divide 10 by 6 then we will get the answer You will get 6.08 10 power - 4 remember to buy If a fraction has no unit then it the answer is Next is the application of Henry’s Law First production of carbonated beverage to increases solubility of co2 in soft drink and soda water if we want to co2 its solubility increases soda The bottle which contains water and soft drinks Sealed with high pressure high pressure what will happen to the CO2 that is dissolving Second Deep Sea Diving in And Soda Water who are scuba drivers and who go deep Sea drivers are those who breathe air at high pressure because under water no The pressure is high High pressure increases solubility of nitrogen in blood Normally nitrogen is not soluble in the blood It happens but there is not that much pressure under water Nitrogen is much higher Disoldering When water comes towards the surface then the pressure The result decreases gradually in release of dissolved gases from the blood to What is rotting which is caused by dissolution of nitrogen All of that gets released from the blood Leads to formation of bubbles of nitrogen in blood which blocks capillaries then this What happens is that nitrogen bubbles are created and they can block Capillaries are called the bends because they This condition is not a serious condition and it is dangerous for life Avoiding Bends To Avoid Bends and the toxic effects of high nitrogen concentration in the blood which scuba drivers they are there, they don't fill air in the tank which is diluted with helium then there is helium There is 11.7 nitrogen and 56.2 oxygen is 32.1 then the concentration of nitrogen is reduced by adding helium and we know the capacity of the helium in the The higher the value, the higher is its solubility If it is less then we fill the tank for this Third is Enox in from Helium Climber if you reach high altitude neither the partial pressure of oxygen would decrease there is a result neither in the blood nor in the The concentration of oxygen is also low If it goes then there is low concentration of oxygen is there a result in the blood and tissues which There are climbers, they feel it weak and unable to think clearly and this to the condition In anoxia Dissolution of solution is dynamic here It is equilibrium, remember this process that happens it has delta h negative it export process happens so if we leech If we talk about Adler Principle then China Solubility of gas in liquid is will decrease with rise in temperature if If you increase the temperature then there will be a reaction will go in the backward direction and which The solubility will decrease Next is the vapor pressure of the liquid solution liquid solution that solution which do not contain solvent or liquid and the solute is gas, liquid and Our discussion on this topic should be solid will do solution of liquid and solid in These are liquid solutions, right? There may be one more volatile component Like the liquid solvent is mostly what is volatile and which If it is a solute and I or I cannot be volatile then it may be volatile it may be volatile We may not be able to find a binary solution we will talk first we will talk of liquid in liquid solution then We will talk about solid in liquid solution key next is vapor pressure of liquid Liquid Solution We have binary solution which contains two volatile liquids Can create volatile liquid vapors We took the close anyway so what's the big deal Liquid is one and two has both components Evaporate What both components can do now can evaporate to form vapors Equillium wood can be established between vapors Phase and Liquid Phase Suppose Component One is no what will happen to it if it becomes vapors what might be in its vapor and liquid Equillium can be a similar component in vapor and liquid phase of two Equillium can now be the vapers that make don't they exhaust the pressure on the surface of the liquid it is called partial pressure so the pressure of component one is say p1 and component two of p2 then p1 and p2 r partial vapour pressure of two Component one and two so what do they do pressure edgerton of the liquid and its The concentration is expressed in mole fraction. Write k1 and ka2 of component one and Second, in this we will use Routh's law Routh's Law says it states that for a solution of volatile liquid in which solution is a volatile liquid the vapor pressure of each cup which vapor pressure that of every component is directly is proportional to its mole fraction The mole fraction of the substance present in solution is Directly proportional is the supposed component If you increase the mole fraction of one If given, then its vapor pressure is and Partial pressure is more If you overdo component two then its partial pressure will be more The vapor pressure of each component is Its value is directly proportional If we talk about Routh's law on fractions for component one to partial pressure of Component One Is Directly Proportional to its mole fraction then p1 is directly Proportional to k1 equates to p1 = p01 k1 p01 is not a constant it is vapor pressure of pure component one then if Not only one component is present if the solvent is present then its There is pressure, that will be the maximum pressure We will represent it as p01 and if If you take only one component then it will not be If p1 becomes equal to , then p1 = p01 so this is the thing you have to remember as you What will you do if you add another component? The value of cow will decrease and overall The pressure will also decrease similarly. The component to be p2 is directly proportional to ca2 so p2 is equal to p02 what is ka2 p02 vapor pressure of pure Component Two if only pure component two if 100 ohms is present then its mole fraction is 2 Its pressure will become equal to p02 it will become equal but if you add the second component If you add it then its mole fraction decreases Partial pressure will also decrease Next nest we'll talk about Dalton's Law Partial pressure indicates the total The pressure is over the solution face in the container This container is above the solution which total pressure has will be the sum of partial pressure of components of the solution are some Partial pressure means the sum of p1 + p2 that is equal to p total then p total = p1 + p2 we know p1 is equal to p01 i1 is p2 of p02 we know that k1 + of 2 is equal to 1 so instead we can do we can write 1 - k2 so 1 - k2 = p01 + k2 p02 you can write this separately p01 + p02 - p01 = p02 but for calculation we These equations mostly use Rawls Law From this we can create a graph for component one and second we will assume that is p02 Vapour pressure of second component is Greater than vapour pressure of component one so p02 is greater than p01 we will assume Here is the vapor pressure, here is the mole is a fraction here k1 = 1 of k2 = 0 so If only component one is present then Mole fraction will be equal to vapor pressure off your component one so this is equal to p01 will go and if you go this way then i1 is 0 if ka2 is equal to 1 then the component is just If the second is present then its vapor pressure is equal to vapor pressure of pure Component 2 will then become equal to p02 and if you go this way if you see the crow What is partial if the decrease is happening pressure p1 is decreasing if you If you are going in that direction then the kite is increasing The partial pressure p2 is increasing if If we talk about mixture then in the mixture What is the total pressure equal to p1 + p2 then if Suppose you talked here that here total pressure will be equal to what so here we by doing p1 p p2 and adding both of them our We can find out the total pressure next We are given the composition of vapor phase in Equilibrium with the solution is determined By partial pressure of component, if we have There is no need to remove the composition of the vapor face What is the mole fraction of the vapors? If we consider the mole fractions y1 and y2 then For this we do not use partial pressure if we can find the solution then what should we do If we had to find the mole fraction k1 of 2 then we would have Taking the number of moles divided by the total moles are similar if you don't care for vapors If you want to find a fraction then you can calculate the number of Instead of moles you can divide by partial pressure You can also take the total pressure by then y1 end what is y2 mole fraction of component one and to in the vapor face to in the vapor face mole fraction y1 y2 we will find out y1 for what The vapor pressure of the component will become equal 1 p1 divided by vapor pressure of all the Component p total and y2 are equal to will go p2 / p total next we We created the ideal solution by mixing we have to calculate the vapor pressure of solution then we have to calculate total vapour pressure This question of 2023 has to be told about the solution is the first number of moles of x and y Suppose we take x then mole fraction of x remember which will be equal to x and y The number of moles will be equal because We took equal moles, so mole fraction of x is equal to x / by x + x then this is half and the mole fraction of y will be halved So when equal moles are taken then mole Fraction becomes half of vapor pressure of Pure liquid x is given p0 x 120mm of h and vapour pressure of pure liquid y p0 y 160mm of h if we consider the ideal solution If we talk about Routh's law then he follows it p total will be equal to p x + p px1 + k x + p0 y k y p0 x How much is given We're given 120 mole fraction of component x is half p no y how much is given is 16 60 given mole fraction of component y is half so it will become 60 160 / If you add it, it will become 280 then the total pressure will be will go to 140 aa of h next is rout's law As a special case of Henry's law What is the vapor pressure of volatile Component that can create vapor in a given The solution is proportional to its mole Fraction in a solution so p1 = p01 k1 Routh's Law Next we will talk about Ideal is for solution in which the solute Interaction of solute and solute solvent what is almost equal is versa What is Henry's law in the solution of a Mixing gas in liquid One of the components is volatile One component must be volatile and it If gas exists then partial pressure is equal to k* which is Henry's law Now remember there is a constant in this There is no difference between solute and solvent There may be different interactions but remember There might also be an interaction like this When the solute is dissolved in water the solvent is dissolved in water Handy in case the interaction is same Meaning the law will become equal to Routh's law what is ketch's na different different There will be values. There will be a value in which What is the value of k and the value of p 1 will match so when its value becomes equal to p01 value which is Rawls law will go to special case of henry law then henry law What is the white range of a particular There will be a solution, Idol can become Solution in which what will happen to Hentry Law and the route law will be the same next is vapor pressure of solution of solid in liquid So we are talking about solution of solid These liquids are examples The temperature is found to be lower than the vapor As soon as the pressure of pure solvent did you add non volatile solute What will happen here if the vapor pressure is low of pure solvent will be more and which will form this solution in which it is non volatile the vapour pressure of the solute will decrease In solution surface has both solute and Solvent If we talk about pure solvent there is only solvent on the surface but What is in this, there is no solvent on the surface and Solute both are present number of solvent molecule escaping from the surface reduce what's happening here It was just a solvent so what could he do easily could have escaped it and made the vapor I could have made it, but not here, but on the surface If both solute and solvent are there then what are they which will cause the solvent molecules to escape what will happen to them from the surface will be reduced because here non Voltage is also the solute and overall vapor The pressure will reduce if we apply Routh's law talk about we already know for a Solutions that reduce the partial vapor pressure of etch Components in the solution that are directly its mole fraction is proportional I was talking about the Banari solution What is the solvent in which it is volatile And it is added with non volatile Solute only solvent present in vapor face and contribute to vapor pressure now which Only solvent can enter the vapour phase And he will contribute to the solution If the vapor pressure is correct then what will be p1 vapour pressure of the solvent and this vapour There will also be pressure of the solution because The solvent itself is contributing vapor mole fraction of the pressure in What will be the vapour pressure of the solvent of the pure solvent then p1 is equal to will go to p01 k1 and this p1 is vapor pressure of solvent and solution is if we Talking about the graph, on what does it depend will be the mole fraction of the solvent in vapour pressure mole fraction of the solvent It will depend on if the mole fraction is zero means solvent is not present then If the vapor pressure is zero, then as you will increase the mole fraction of the solvent so if you add solvent then The vapour pressure will also increase if and only if If it is a solvent then what will be its mole Fraction one will become that is equal to two The Vapor Pressure of Pure Solvent Next is ideal and non ideal solution liquid Liquid solutions can be classified into The liquid which is a liquid solution we call it can classify ideal and non Ideal Solution on Basis of Routh's Law First of all, we talk about the ideal solution Will do the solution which obsesses roots law over the limits of concentration of solution Na Routes Law Follows For Entities of concentration then there is no rout's law in this If the equation is valid then The solution is called the ideal solution Enthalpy of Mixing of the Pure Components to form the solution is zero which enthalpy off mixing means the delta h off There is mixing, that is zero, which means there is no heat Absorption occurs when two components meet Neither heat is absorbed nor evolves is when components are mixed volume of mixing is also zero to delta v off mixing is that also what is zero What does volume of solution mean? would be equal to the sum of the volume of two Components Suppose we had two components One had 50ml and the other had 100 AA both If you add , then the volume of the solution how much did 150 aa become so volume off The solution is that it is equal to the volume of two components then delta v of mixing If it is zero then the ideal solution is to follow this I suppose we have two pure components a and b are intermolecular which Attraction is a a If intermolecular attractive force between the a and bb8 force hai na aa2 so whatever solution there is will be ideal The solution will be so it leads to formation of ideal solution which is perfect ideal There is a solution, they are rare but those who There is some solution that these yrly idol behavior shows Let's take an example, Ann Hagen Ann Heptanol Tallinn Next is Non Idle When a Solution Does Not Obey Routh's Law over the Entities of Concentration Jab Solution: No Routes Law Obey In the entire range of concentration we call it There are two types of non ideal solutions called non Ideal solutions are the first ones Solution Showing Positive Deviation Positive Deviation occurs when the interaction is weaker dan a a So we had two liquids which were more That solvent will be less in concentration solute in concentration then the solute and of the solvent which is intermolecular attractive There is force, it is weaker than the salute Solvent Solvent as a Result what will happen which is solute and solvent right They will stay away from each other because their the intermolecular attraction is less Molecules of A and B will find it easy to Escape because they are far from each other So if you heat it, will it become easier? can escape result in increase in their vapor pressure then when If you escape easily then he easily becomes a vapor and their vapour pressure may increase If it increases then we call it positive deviation If we talk about the formula, then it is that will be greater than p0a of a and pb3 of p0 b of b if we talk about this graph Normally this line should have been so straight It was supposed to happen but what will happen here because of positive deviation to pbped2019 is the total partial pressure and that of the solution is He will become even greater than he expected was decrease in magni noodle Molecular Forces in the Solution The molecule will be loosely held between a and b what was the interaction that was, it was less so their The molecules that are far from each other they will be loosely held and increase these volumes take place because they are different from each other If you stay away then the overall volume will increase So delta v of mixing is greater than 0 And this would be positive suppose that there was a component If that was 50 AA and the B component was 100 then Overall, when you add both of them then The volume of the solution is more than 150 If it increases then it will be called positive deviation The process is accompanied by absorption of energy because the interaction between a and b is low If you want to keep both of them together then If there is a requirement of energy then this is a The endorsement process becomes the requirement off energy is there in this so delta a off Mixing is greater than 0 and it is positive Next we will talk about an example The first example is a mixture of ethanol and Acetone Ethanol and Acetone intermolecular force of attraction is low This happens because the ethanol itself forms a hydrogen bond with it, then a molecule of ethanol another molecule of Here hydrogen bond is present with ethanol and if you add acetone to it If yes, then it is with hydrogen bonding interferes with the overall vapor pressure increases the second carbon disulfide and acetone what is in it which is the dapor interaction is not solute and The solvent of these two is The interaction is weaker as compared to to solute solute and solvent solvent interaction and also vapor pressure in it The next solution is increase showing negative deviation in this has intermolecular attractive force a is the weaker of a and b then a I mean the solute and solvent that are there what is the force of attraction Strong pressure leads to decrease in vapor pressure so if you heat it up Because there is a lot of interaction between them. If they don't make vapor easily then the vapor If the pressure decreases then it is called negative If we call it deviation then it becomes less than a an end of if you make the graph of b of pb02 here If it was a straight line then what is the value of the graph it will decrease the value of P will decrease will will the value of pb2 also decrease So this is the graph of negative deviation strong force of attraction among molecules in solution so the solute and It has strong power of solvent attraction is the molecule come closer so the molecules come close together and they What happens is the volume decreases then delta v of mixing becomes less than zero and it becomes negative like we For example, suppose component A was 100 AA and the B component was 50 AA if you took both If we mix these then the volume of the solution will be less than 150 then it will be negative Deviation will be called the new attractive force. Now the solute and solvent are strong his intermolecular force of The attraction is very strong isn't it? There is no result, no solution, no stability and there is no evolution of heat If this sort process happens then Delta A of mixing is less than 0 and this Negative becomes negative due to negative deviation For example, the first is a mixture of phenol and Aniline phenol and allyl are not compatible with each other Hydrogen bonds can form here it is phenol here naline has nh2 so Hydrogen of phenol and nitrogen of aniline A hydrogen bond is formed between the due to the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds Negative deviation occurs similarly Mixture of chloroform and acetone acetone is ch3 co3 and this is chloroform What does it contain? It also contains hydrogen The bond is formed by the formation of hydrogen bonds It has strong intermolecular forces of There is attraction between solute and solvent I have more negative deviation next is As yo drop suppose we have two volatile It's liquid, we mixed both of them together the vapor pressure will not increase when you heat You will do this with a mixture whose vapour pressure if it is more then what does it do first it boils If so, then both of us are on fractional distillation can be separated in but edge trope what happens is we take binary mixture Such a specific composition comes up, suppose one Component was at 40, second component was at 60 it was in liquid so when you boiled it if you did that then both of them would have boiled together and the vapor also has the same composition 40 and 60 but binary mixture having the Same composition in vapor and liquid phase Composition of both liquid and vapor It remains the same and both of them don't force each other are they boiling at a constant temperature So that binary mixture we call azo drop It is said that they behave like pure liquid Because pure liquid has no constant what is bolik point A Specification of Similar Binary Mixtures When the biological point is reached on the composition, then this behaves like a pure liquid and it is not possible to separate the components by fractional distillation because that both should not boil together in the composition Both of them go together and make vapors So separate it by fractional distillation If we can't do this then we are not constant It is also called biological mixture and there are two types of it Azeotropic are minimum bolic end Maximum boylicious age yo trop first is We bought the minimum biological liquid pair The volatile liquid is not a large positive Show deviation from the ideal Behavior and composition of Azo drops when If it comes, there will be such a specific composition Where the vapor pressure is not highest and if the vapour pressure is not too high then remember what happens when biological becomes less why does it happen because it happens at low temperatures More vapors are formed and the organic if it goes then the biological minimum will be Example is a mixture of ethanol and water In which 95% by volume is ethanol and 5% But by volume water will be in seconds maximum biological what does it contain that It is a liquid pair, they show large Negative Deviation from Ideal Behavior to show negative deviation and one such The composition comes with azo trophic composition in which the vapour pressure becomes minimum If the vapor pressure decreases then bowling increase the vapor pressure to bring the point we need higher temperature to do this So what is the maximum bowling point The example is nitric acid and Water nitric acid will be 68 by mass By Mass on Water 32 and Boeing of these two The point increases to 393.5 Kelvin Next is Colligative Properties all properties which depend on the number of Solute particles on which properties depend does the number of salute particle pay i respectful of their nature It does not depend relative to the total number of particle present in the solution so That depends on the total number of particles Present in the solution we call it collegative Properties say suppose we have two The solution was 1 mole of Na in a solution 1 mole of urea added in the second solution If glucose is added then what is the number of particles will be their beans then their colligative If the properties are also same then it is collegative properties which are the number of solutes The meaning depends on the particle e Respectful of their nature to nature Four Collegitive does not depend We will talk about properties relative lowering of vapor pressure second is elevation of Bowling point third is depression off freezing point and fourth is osmotic Pressure is the first colligative property Relative decreasing of vapor pressure we have non volatile solute added volatile We have already read it in solvent when we have volatile solvent right Its vapour pressure is not much but when You add a non-volatile salt to it Those non-volatile solutes come to the surface of the liquid and the vapour pressure is we decrease it because the evaporation if it is reduced then the vapour pressure of solvent in solution so which solvent The vapour pressure of is in the solution that is less goes further than that of pure solvent because you have added non volatile solute in it Now what is the mole fraction of the is the solvent and kite is the mole fraction of the the solute is ok the vapor pressure of the solution We have read this in Routh's law so p1 = k1 p01 now the vapor pressure of the solution It will depend only on the solvent so the price what is the fraction of the solvent p01 The vapor pressure of pure solvent will be Next is reduction in vapor pressure of the Solvents delta p1 reduction in vapor what was the pressure earlier it was p01 Now the solution of pure becomes p1 so p01 - p1 is delta p1 p1 we read that is equal to k1 p01 now p01 p0 1 is what we'll take the common it'll be 1 - k1 and we'll If we know k1 + k2 = 1 then 1 - k1 is equal to will be equal to k2, we will call it If we divide then delta p1 / p01 is the same as We speak of a relative low ring of vapor pressure and this equals mole Fraction of the solute k relative low ring off which is the vapor pressure delta p1 / p01 that is equal to mole fraction of the of solute2 it can also be written as p01 - p1 / p01 mole fraction of the solute What will be equal to n2 / b n1 + n2 number of moles of solute divided by total The number of moles of solution n1 and n2 is number of moles of solvent and solute Suppose we have a diluted solution then Number of moles of solute in dilute solution Solvents will not be very high as compared to other to salute then n1 will be greater than n2 and When we add the value of one, if If the value is too much then ignore the other person's value can do so n2 number of moles of If you can ignore the salute then this will become will go to n2 / n1 and we know the number of What are moles equal to? Mass by molar mass so this is going to be mass by molar mass Similarly number of moles of solvent is will go mass by molar mass so this overall The formula will be p1 - p1 div ba p1 w2 / m2 m1 / w1 then w1 and w2 what is the mass of solvent and solute is m1 and m2 Molar Mass of Solvent and Solute Next pwa ka question hai is solution is Prepared By Dissolution in 200 g of water to Solute which is w2 is 10 g non volatile and our solvent is w1 200 g water is its vapor pressure which is the solution The vapour pressure is 31.8 4 AA of h at 308 Kelvin so p1 is 31.8 4 AA of h we get to calculate the molar mass of the solute m2 is to calculate the vapour pressure of pure water at 308 kelvin 32 AA of h to pure Vapour pressure of solvent p01 32 AA of h and m1 we know which is the solvent and water Its molar mass is 18 g per mole We will talk about the formula p01 - p1 / p01 k2 n2 n1 + n2 This is a dilute solution if You will see that the weight of the solute is very less n1 is greater than n so it will become n2 / n1 We can write this as w2 / m2 w1 m1 will substitute p01 how much is given 32 how much will the minus be 31.8 4 / p1 32 ok is w2 given to us this is 10 m2 given to us We have to find w1, given that we have 200 or 18 If it is ok then we will substitute the value If we minus this, it will become 0.16 So if we take out m2 then what will happen here If this gets cancelled then m2 will happen will be 18*32 / 0.16*20 ok it will be you If you solve this, you will get the molar mass. of solute which is 180 g per mole The second colligative property is the elevation of Boiling Point The Boiling Point of Liquid is that temperature at which its vapor pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure So bowling point is a temperature when vapour pressure of a liquid is not becomes equal to atmospheric pressure Suppose we have water, if you heat it if you do this then its vapors increase The vapour pressure increases and when its Vapor pressure should be equal to one atmosphere it boils at 100°C When a non volatile solute is added to the solvent vapor pressure of the solvent decreas this we have read we have pure There was a solvent in it, you used non-volatile If solute is added then vapor pressure overall It will be decreed as a result what will happen which is the bowling point of solution it's always higher than that of pure solvent Because pure solvent does not contain much If he was a vapor then what could he do easily It could have boiled at low temperature but The solution is more volatile because its vapor pressure was low, so if You have to get it up to atmospheric pressure If its vapor pressure is high then you It has to be heated so what would be the result the bowling point of solution gets higher is then that of pure solvent and this which The difference is in the biological nature of the solution t b and pure solvent t no b then it is called is elevation in bowling point and what is this has the colligative property is delta t b and The elevation in bowling point depends on will the number of solute molecules be more Then their nature will depend on the number and It will not depend on his nature because This is the colligative property, next we We will talk about the graph here: Vapor pressure there is temperature here what did we do here you took the solvent when you put the solvent If you heat it, its vapor pressure will increase There will come a point when its vapour pressure Atmospheric pressure will be equal to 1 Atmosphere and Its bowling point will come 1.013 times At this temperature there is no wear edge solution What is the vapour pressure of is less because you added a non volatile solute If you increase the temperature then its vapor The pressure will increase to a point when Its vapour pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure It will be equal and its bowling point will come tb2 is the difference delta t is also the same Elevation of bowling point we call it Experimentally found out how to dilute The solution is a diluted solution when the concentration of the solute does not decrease Delta TB which is the elevation of bowling The point is that it should be directly proportional is the molar concentration of solute in Directly dependent on the molar concentration of the solution proportion is molar concentration molality sl m to delta d b is directly proportional tool m when we I have taken diluted solution, it is called equivate will do delta t b = kbmc.gov.in bowling point elevation constant and molar elevation constant is called It is also called the Bubloscopic Constant. The unit consists of Calvin Cage and Joe The value of kb2 will be the difference delta tb2 is grams of solute m2 is molar mass of the solute w1 what will happen to our mass of the solvent would be this is in grams so If it is in grams then you have to divide it by 1000 If you have to do it then it will go up by 1000 and this Our formula will become the next hum We will talk about the question, what is the bowling Point Of An Aquas Solution Aquas What will be the solution that contains water Solvent will be containing 18 g of Glucose in 100 g of water cab of water moles at 0.52 KG and Bowling Point Of Pure Water Dia 373 kelvin us boiler point of solution First of all we have to tell the mass of solute w2 We've got 18 g given the molar mass of solute m2 we will calculate this Glucose is c6 h12 o6 carbon weight It is 12 * 6 hydrogen and 1 * 12 The total molar mass of oxygen is 16 * 6 The mole mass of solvent will be 180 g do you know the formula of diya water w1 100g Delta w2 / m2 w1 1000 Substitute the value will take What is the value of kb2 w2 given 18 m2 we are given 180 w1 we are given 100 this If you cancel, your delta will be t b elevation of bowling point will be 0.52 Kelvin tells us that bowling point How much has the bowling increased so much points have increased due to pure water What will be the bowling point of solution We will add this to pure water So 37 33 is given to us at the boiler point is + 0.52 then the boiling point of solution is will be 3735 2 Kelvin Third Colgate Property is depression in freezing point The freezing point of a substance is one such is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of Substance In It Liquid Face Liquid Face the vapour pressure in becomes equal is the vapor pressure in the solid phase. We can graph it we will see here the vapor pressure is here there is temperature, suppose we have frozen Solvent suppose we have ice like you If the temperature is increased then its vapor The pressure will increase near you liquid The solvent is suppose water when you measure the temperature If you decrease it then vapor pressure decreases there will come a point when what will happen If the vapour pressure of both becomes equal then Vapour pressure of solid phase and liquid phase when it becomes equal then what comes there the freezing point comes, we call it t a no will represent according to Rawls Law If we talk about Rawls Law When non volatile solute is added to the Solvent its vapour pressure decreases assum You added a non-volatile solute, liquid So our solution which is formed in the solvent What will happen to its vapor pressure if it decreases it will happen and now it would become equal to that of solid solvent at lower temperature Now if we do not have to match its vapor pressure is a frozen solvent and a solid solvent So we don't want the temperature to decrease much We have to do this then what will happen to these two What will happen if there is a vapor pressure match Its freezing point will come which we call f no to na tf5 says which is delta t a tf1 What is the freezing point of pure solvent tf1- tf2 solution if dilute solution of Let's talk about depression in freezing point it is directly proportional to the mole What is the molality of a solution? So delta tf1 kg per mole we can write this Delta Molality is equal to the number of moles of solute divided by the mass of the Solvent in cage number of moles of solute whose mass by molar mass is equal to w2 mass of the solute in grams m2 molar What is the mass of the solute w1? What is the mass of the Solvent in grams so this is in grams So if we divide by 1000, we get Delta will become the formula tf2 1000 / ba w1 m2 so this is our formula Next we will talk about p/q questions Calculate the freezing point of a Solution containing 60 g of glucose 60 The molar mass of glucose is 180 g per mole * 50 g of water kF water Gave 1.86 Kg per mole of 2018 The question is our freezing point of The solution is to tell the mass of first Glucose given w2 which is 60 g mass of water w1 is given to us 250 grams is given kf2 mol at 6 Kelvin Kg and m2 Molar mass of glucose given at 180 g mole we know the formula delta tf2 / m2000 / w1 value substitute do how much will be kf2 w2 our 60 m2 is 180 1000 / w1 is how much 250 if you solve this If you do it, then delta tf2.0 Kelvin is this depression in freezing point but we What is asked in the question? Freezing point of the solution we initially had was water And we know the freezing point of water What is 0 degree celsius and 273 degree celsius? Kelvin to freezing point of the solution what happened to 273 na 2.48 Kelvin The temperature decreased to 273 - 2.48 Our answer will come freezing point off Solution 27.5 2 Kelvin we know that If it depends on the solvent then it should also be paid We have a formula to calculate it if so kf2 t f s 1000 delta a of fusion and kbmc.gov.in bowling point of pure solvent so from this we can also find the value of kf2 You can calculate next is osmosis and osmotic pressure what is osmosis is the process of flow of solvent Molecule through semi permeable membrane from pure solvent to solution which Solvent molecule is not through cm Permeable membrane which we also call SPM From there it flows from pure The movement of solvent to the solution is called osmosis Now this is a semi-permeable membrane It can be both natural and synthetic Is of natural animal and vegetable origin such as pig's bladder and parched Parchment is neither animal skin nor synthetic Now there is no cello fan, this is the membrane Neither in this nor in the network of sub-microscopic If holes and pores are present then its Microscopic holes and pores inside Small solvents are present molecules like water can pass through these There are no small holes in SPM and from there no small solvent is used Molecules can pass but money is off bigger molecules which are bigger molecules which Those who are from Salute are unable to pass it She hinders as a result from SPM only can pass solvent molecules and which is the flow of solvent molecules Through SPM it is always from pure solvent is towards the solution and we call it The flow of solvent is called osmosis From Its Side to the Solution Side Across semi permeable membrane suppose we have two The container is here The solution is here solvent here is s so if you When connected, the solvent will flow will flow from solvent to solution through semi permeable membrane if you want this the flow of solvent is happening stop doing you can apply some extra If pressure is on the solution then what would be the supposition Atmospheric pressure in both solutions it will happen but what can you do something extra You can apply pressure on the solution side so that the flow stops Pressure that just stops the flow of solvent You will apply pressure which will stop it The flow of solvent is the same pressure as the This is called the osmotic pressure of the solution If we represent it with pie, The solvent is moving like a solution so if you applied osmotic pressure In this direction, this flow is The osmotic pressure now stops Isn't this a colligative property? Depends on the number of solute pay not on their identity to pa = is that concentration in terms of molar Molarity we know the number of moles of solute divide by volume of the If the solution is in liters then Pa = n2 / v n2 is the number of moles of solute v is Volume of the solution in liters r t then this is the formula we know the number of moles of solute are equal to mass of the solute divided by molar mass of the solute then w2 will be the mass of the solute in grams m2 molar mass of the solut you can substitute these values if yes then w2 depression in freezing point temperature It decreases but we maintain it in room temperature We can calculate the molar mass of the mole The molarity used is the molarity His advantage is over molality because the volume in the molality you You can easily calculate it along with its Magnitude is large and it is even for diluted solution diluted solution Even in me, the value of pi is high If it happens then you can easily calculate it it is useful for bio molecules as they are not stable at high temperature bio in molecules we can use because the stability of the biomolecule it stays at room temperature They are not stable at this temperature, so their we can easily find the molar mass Similarly, we can also find out the molar mass of the polymer. because their poor solubility has poor solubility meaning that it dilutes will create the solution and large magn next we can find out the molar mass of the doodle pwa q question ki baat karega for a5 But the molar mass of the solution of urea is given We need to calculate moles per 60 g osmotic pressure at 300 K of r gave the value 0.0821 moles per Kelvin per l atmosphere The question of 2020 is 5 but the solution is off What will be the meaning of urea, we will take mass off Urea 5 g in 100ml of solution because we need volume in it know pa = cr2 / v n2 we can write as w2 / m2 mass of solute divided by molar mass of the Solute rt0 What is root of 60 given the value of r is given 0.0821 The given temperature is 300 K Now what is the volume we took 100 ml1 di ba 1000 so this will be 0.0821 * 300 / 0.1 so we get the answer The osmotic pressure will be 2.51 atmosphere Sphere Next Types of Solution on The basis of osmotic pressure is the first Isotonic Solution to Solution Having If the osmotic pressure of two solutions is same there is same osmotic pressure at a given temperature so we call these isotonic solution It is said because both have the same osmotic There is pressure, there is no osmosis between them hota so there is no osmosis between these to solution example is fluid inside the blood cells what is inside a blood cell it is fluid it is equivalent to Its concentration is equivalent is 0.9 at mass by volume of then we call that solution hypertonic Solution says Example Cell is Place in solution containing more than 0.9 per mass By volume of naac.gov.in The cell which is water moves towards hyper what will be the result of the sale will shrink third is hypotonic Solution I Solution having less osmotic pressure than other solution if one solution ka na osmotic pressure is less than other solution then we call it hypotonic solution will say if salt concentration is less than Mass by Volume of 0.9 If the cell is less than the cell then it is not a solution becomes hypotonic the water will flow in to the sale as a result what will happen which The solution will be hypotonic and the cells will be hypertonic If it happens then water will move from hypo to hyper Water will move inside the cell as a result If it swells then the sale will also swell We will talk about examples of osmosis A Raw Mango Place in Concentrated Salt If you concentrate the solution mango You place it in a salt solution it makes us loose water because outside hyperkinetic condition occurs and via osmosis makes the water loose it will Shivlakha says next is preservation Say No to Preserving Off-Meat Meat No salt is added to it, wear age Adding sugar to fruit for preservation It is added as a result what will happen it is outer there, if there is bacteria Is it present or not, there are bacteria around Hypertonic condition occurs because of Salt and sugar as a result which kills bacteria has it will loose water it will shriek and Dice Next is Reverse Osmosis and Water butt towards the water if what you did is You have not applied any pressure here and This pressure you applied is the solution If that osmotic pressure on the side it is too much so what is the result if The movement of water is due to salt water We can use this towards fresh water reverse osmosis is called the direction of Osmosis can be reverse direction of you can reverse osmosis from the solution side to the solvent side If you have a pressure larger than osmotic If pressure is applied on the solution side then you will apply pressure larger than the What will be the osmotic pressure as a result Pure solvent is flow out of the solution Through AA which is pure solvent which is water Pure water it moved from here to here will do it through semi permeable membrane Reverse osmosis is called it is used in Dislive to sea water, it does not cause salt in it Can remove the pressure required For reverse osmosis is high now we have to Applying too much pressure If needed we use polymers It contains cellulose acetate for SPM which Cellulose acetate is not a porous material It is a porous membrane, it is permeable there is two water but in permeable two Impurities and ice in sea water to sea water moves from water to water here But the evils and impurities are in she is permeable, she is unable to move, so she The veras which is fresh water remains here If it moves here, then reverse it Osmosis Says Next Is Enermac Molar Mass Determine the Molar Mass of the Solute From the experimentally measured value of The Colligative Property We Know We We can find the molar mass of the solute Using the colligative property we have whether its mass is measured or not it differs from the actual molar mass to actual molar There is no variation coming from the mass which we have Calculate the molar mass of the substance present Four said to exhibition of these substances what is a normal molar mass This can be of two types, firstly First we will talk about the Association of Solute Molecule Association Evolve the Composition of too many molecules of solute to What can be in association with two or more By combining multiple molecules into a single If we can create an entity then what is the result This will lead to a decrease in the number of molecular species in the solution because What do we suppose is happening with the association? had two molecules which combined to form one if you are making molecules then the number of The molecular species is that in solution Decreasing is happening late by decreasing the Magnitia depends on the solute molecule If the solute molecules decrease then As a result also the colligative property There will be a decrease, for example, ethanoic acid is benzene form dimer which is ethanoic acid if you put it in benzene, you get two By combining molecules we form one entity makes it is called a dimer so two how to combine molecules through hydrogen bond now we get the molar mass no it was 120 gm but that is normal molar mass is 60 g per mole we know Number of moles is equal to mass By molar mass suppose you have 1 mole of ethanol If you had taken acid then what should happen to the association Will the number of moles become half? will happen because two combine to make one so the number of moles is halved now The mass remains the same now, the molar mass How is he behaving, if you notice this If we want to equate then what is the molar mass if it has happened twice then what in this case two molecules are combining neither by the normal molar mass which we now know got the molar mass that is this twa isuka we call it a Normal molar mass would be next Dissociation of solute molecule we have Electrolyte taken such as acid base salt They do not dissociate and produce let's do two more ion particles and what do eyes produce as a result The number will be off if more eyes are formed What will happen if the particles increase and if the number of particles increases Colligative properties also increased goes like by soldering k+ we are making it negative We calculated the molar mass and got 37.2 The normal molar mass in grams per mole is 74 mole per gram if suppose we have 1 mole of In case of session, the normal molar mass is If one particle becomes two particles then what happens then the normal molar mass will be halved and Us Annonasis we do this it expresses us Extent of association How much association and Dissociation of solute has occurred in solution There are three formulas, we have the value of i The first thing to know is the normal molar mass Divided by ab normal molar mass is second ObserveCallGatePropertyDividedBy The calculated colligative property is the third total number of moles of particles after Association and Dissociation Divided by Number of moles of particle before association and The value of Na i in the dissociation association less than one happens we know the association What is the normal molar mass of the mole gets increased along with the total what would be the number of moles of particles The edge in the association is decreased A Result Observes Colligative Property Too wear age dissociation decreases What happens in case Enermac becomes the number of moles of particles What happens when dissociation increases As a result, observe collectively If the property also increases then the value of i In value dissociation there is greater than one and the value of i in the association is less than one happens through association and dissociation colligative properties change so Daitchi's The Equation for Colligative property then we will write the modified equation Firstly relative low ring of vapour pressure p01 - p1 / p01 = in2 / n1 then the number of i in it Values we include Joe Van Hoff The factor is similar to the elevation of bowling Point Delta tb2 m depression of freezing point delta tf6 pressure pa = i2rt / v then each In Collaborative Property We Went Off We will include the value of a vector if we Talk about strong electrolyte and because we take diluted solution In collaborative property, the whole dissociate If it happens then in that case you You can write the value of i directly. Because kclo4 mg2 + so4 will give 2 negative ions i The value of will be 2 k+ ions in k2s o4 a so4 ion will be negative i value will be thr and if we talk about glucose It does not associate with urea and sucrose If they do not dissociate then the value of i is There will be one, next we will talk about Pawan Calculate the bowling point of the question Elevation for a solution prepared by adding 10 g of cacl2 to 200 g of Water Cabbage Water is 0.52 Kelvin Kg But the molar mass of cacl2 is given as 111 We have a question on mole per gram in 2017 I have to tell the elevation of bowling point so first of all First cacl2 becomes salt it dissociates by doing this it makes ca2 p + 2cl negative so one What is the molecule providing? It is providing three ises. then the value of i will be three, we know delta t b is equal to ib2 / m2 w1 1000 then value substitute will do the value of i is three given k 0.52 weight of the solute is given in 10 It is given that what is the molar mass of 111 Weight of Solvent Water given by weight of 200 AAP If you multiply and divide this then you get Elevation of bowling point will be available which is 702 Kelvin next power is 3.9 g of benzoic acid this is the solute of it Disoldering freezing point of 1.62 Kelvin we have to calculate vent off factor and we have to predict the nature of solute means association is taking place or Dissociation is being given molar mass of Benzoic acid is given as 120 g per 2 mol kf2 kelvin kg per mole so we have to use i we will find the value of Hoff factor and This will tell us weather it is dissociating and associating deltas The value of df2 / m2 w1 1000 i gives us Delta has to be taken out The value of tf6 2 i needs to be calculated kf2 w2 weight of solute is given 3.9 g molar mass is given 122 weight of The solvent is benzene 49 i value is will be 1.62 * 122 * 49 / 3.9 * 4.9 you can multiply it by If you calculate, you will get the value of i will go to 0.50 7 which is the value of i that is less If the value is 1 then what is happening in it Association is taking place if there is 100% association and If dissociation is not happening then for that We have the formula for the value of i To calculate the case of dissociation in i will be 1 + n - 1 if alpha is degree of dissociation suppose we have dissociated from the molecule at only 5 We want to find the value of i so we have to calculate the value of i at 5. What will happen to our degree of dissociation n what will be the number of particles dissociated As When naclo4 dissociates into two k+ ions so4 2 negative income then the value of n If it happens then we can calculate the vent off factor from this Can be done similarly in case of association i = 1 - b + beta / n will become beta How many molecules have degree of association? we are associate we are suppose only If we are associating molecules at 5 then will be beta, degree of association will be n What is the number of particles associated normally? what happens when two particles combine what will be the value of n will it become two Next we will talk about p/q questions When 19.5 g of fc2c molar mass is given is 78 g per mole of it Disoldering point is observed to be 1° Celsius we have to calculate degree of Dissociation kf2 6 kelvin kg at mol ok us If you want to tell the degree of dissociation then for this we'll calculate the value of i okay We are given w2 mass of solute Molar mass is 19.5 g given 78 g And the mass of the solvent given to us is 500 g We know Delta tf2 is what gives you depression of freezing point is observed to be 1 Digi Celsius which is depression of freezing The point is that it is the difference of temperature We are given 1°C and remember Difference of temperature in degree Celsius and kelvin has same sem so 1 degree You can also use 1 Kelvin instead of Celsius. If there is a difference of temperature it remains the same I can write this one kf2 / m2 w 1000 This will be the forest of i The value has to be calculated kf2 6 w2 Given 19.5 78 w1 500000 i If you calculate the value then you will get this 1.07 We want to find out na alpha if we Let's talk about f ch2cooh by dissociating it makes f ch2 We have to calculate, this is giving two, so of n If the value is two then we will find out alpha 1.07 -1 and 0.075 this is our alpha and if we We will talk about degree of in percentage I hope this will happen at 7.5 for dissociation You will understand one short video of the solution chapter You may have got similar type of videos You will find Peeva in the description Questions are also in the video description I will meet you, see you in the next video by