My name is Jerry Russell and I teach at Apopka High School and this is for my ACE European history students. This is my 21st year of teaching AP and my first of ACE Euro. So I can vouch for my content of this YouTube but not necessarily the format. But um unit 3 this year is going to be all paper one A and B and my students are quite versed with that. Uh, if you enjoy these videos, there should be some others here, but keep in mind that I'm brand new at this. Anyway, unit three, liberalism and nationalism in Germany, 1850 to 1871. So that 1815 there is the year of the um Congress of Vienna after the Napoleonic Wars. And that is when we start our unit. And that is during the time of conservatism. So you don't really need to do a context contextualization on paper one but if these videos are seen in the future and this is not going to be a paper one but a paper two and ace this is contextualization. This is the German states and uh topic number one is what were the causes of the revolutions in 1848 to 1849. So Germany did not exist as a single unified country in 1815. It was a series of different states. It existed as German confederation and we will learn how it become unifi became unified. As a matter of fact that is the genius of Ottovon Bismar the Prussian diplomat. The two most famous Germans one an Austrian German and one a Prussian German in this unit. It's they're book they book in this unit. They start with um Prince um Metnik of Austria and we finish with Ottovon Bismar of Prussia. All right. Anyway, during this time at the Congress of Vienna, they set the the rules for a new Europe and they were trying to prevent war. And again, I don't know how important contextualization is for paper one, but this is the time of conservatism. And conservatism literally means you want to keep things the way they were. I mean, conservatives are willing to try new ideas, but they think probably the way things have been done for a while uh is consistent. And that will be a big topic in this unit three. And there we go. Conservative leaders, they were frightened by these two new ideas of liberalism and nationalism. And I've got some vocab in here straight out of the um ACE European uh Cambridge textbook. And you can stop the film there and look at this at any point you want. All right, so let's get this started. Before the Napoleonic Wars, this existed under this Frankenstein monster of an empire called the Holy Roman Empire of which Voltater famously said, "It's neither Holy nor Roman nor an empire." It had been there since probably around the eight or 900s goes way back uh way back uh in medieval times and uh it existed at this point that we're going to start out under Austrian rule and after Napoleon invaded a lot of this collapsed well Austria didn't collapse the Holy Roman Empire did the last vestigages of it and he organized this thing called the confederation of the rine and this time period is d is dominated by enlightenment thinkers. Just so you know, the American Revolution is done. The French Revolution, of course, is done. And Europe is the flame with the ideas of of liberalism that people can have uh rights and they cannot just be ruled over by monarchs or they shouldn't be ruled over by um absolutist. Uh let's see what else have we got going on here. So it is also the time of nationalism and some people claim nationalism was awakened in the Holy Roman Empire by Napoleon's French army invading. Uh there were also romantic thinkers and romance doesn't mean like you're in love with somebody. It's about u passion and emotion, a love of nature and unrestrained beauty. And you really need an art history teacher. I know one, but he's not on this video who can explain this a little bit better. Anyway, both enlightenment and romantic thinkers stressed a unique German culture and the need, sorry for the typo, to overthrow the French rule. And so I know some of my notes drop out off my screen, but the Prussian the powerful German state defeated Napoleon at the battle of Lipig in 1813. And I would like to point out when Napoleon finally met his Waterlue, the most classic example of a defeat, he was defeated not only by the English under Wellington but under the Prussians, they both met him at Waterlue and defeated him. And these conservative leaders wanted peace and to preserve order. And the most important one is uh Clemensmon von Metick and this whole time period again uh if I guess you can use this in your paper ones for outside information that's what we call it in AP you can get contextualization points by mentioning this stuff this is the era of conservatism in European history and this is also known as the age of metick and the entire time period is uh named named after him and he is the very definition of conservatism. He is nicknamed the rock of order. Now the thing is he is the foreign minister of Austria and Austria is multinational much like Russia's going to be later on. It's like how the Ottoman Empire is and what that means is there's many different groups speaking many different languages. There's many religions there. They're dominated this Austrian Empire by the German Austrians but there's plenty of other people there. There's Hungarians there. There's checks. many different groups and part of what uh Meterik wanted was to maintain Austria's power over the German states and so he was an enemy of nationalism and liberalism because both of those would have brought these other groups who are not Austrian or German to the four so he had to keep it together so his job is to keep Humpty Dumpty from you know breaking into pieces and if and if you consider that it was this analogy that the Napoleonic wars kind dumped Napoleon off uh Napoleon dumped Humpty Humpty Dumpty off the wall. Metick is trying to piece him together, put him back on that wall and keep him together. And he's going to be largely successful until 1848. And he is so important in this story that the Congress of Vienna met at his villa to plan the post-war peace in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon. And there's Metick. This is a famous painting which could be a uh a document. Uh this is supposedly a painting of them the the leaders of Europe meeting in Hisella. And uh this whole system was called the Metanik system. And it was designed to produce the absolute monarchy of the Austrians. And the Austrian monarchs are from the Hapsburg dynasty. H A P SB U G or H A B SB U G. The B is probably more accurate. I learned to spell it both ways, but I believe the B is more accurate. Well, there we are. That's the Austrian rulers. And he did several things to preserve the power of Austria. Um, because there were so many different soldiers in the army that weren't necessarily loyal to the Hapsburgs, even though they were in the Hapsburg army, he separated them from he stationed these soldiers in parts of the empire where they were not from, uh, so that they wouldn't join in local revolts. Here's an analogy here. Uh not meaning to offend anybody, but in the United States during the slave trade, they frequently took uh slaves from different tribes or uh groups from Africa and kept them separately so they could not communicate because they spoke different African languages. All right, moving on here. He developed the spy system. Uh and it kept the peace again from 1850 to 1848. Those are years you want to know. But it stoked resentment amongst the liberals and the nationalists that were not German. If you were a German nationalist, you might have or an Austrian nationalist, if there is such a thing, you might have appreciated what he was doing. But the Hungarians certainly did not. I'm sure the checks didn't either. These people are wanting their own country. Even though that is a pretty new concept during this time. All right. The German Confederation. This is some boring stuff, but you got to know it. He ordered them into a bund under Austrian control. And it's not a unified Germany, but this is important for you to know. It was designed to prevent a unified Germany. He just wanted the German states under control of the Hapsburgs. And here's some of the other groups that were in it. Some there were Germans that didn't exist in the German Confederation. They were outside the Confederation. And it's led by these ambassadors who met in a diet. And that is their word for Congress in the city of Frankfurt which will become very important later on. And again, here we go. He wants to keep Austria in charge. And I have taught my students this before. This is an AP thing, but it's going to be important later on. The northern states were mostly Protestant. The southern states were mostly Catholic like Austria. Like the Prussia is pro Protestant. Austria is mostly Catholic. And these two Christian groups did not like each other. They're Germans, but they don't like each other. And it's going to take Bismar to come along and use that to unify Germany. Largest state was Prussia in the north. Capital was Berlin. They had an authoritarian monarch almost assuredly named Frederick. There were several Fredericks in charge. And there was certainly one in charge during this time. And here's a name you need to know. Prussia was dominated by its conservative landowning class, the Junkers. So they're conservatives. They own land and they're known as the junkers and they dominated. Now remember in the United States you couldn't vote when the United States first became a country unless you were free white free white 21 and you own land. So this idea that the land owner should have the right to vote is very important and it will be very important throughout this unit. Some ace teachers, the ones I work with at my school, some of them think that this German unit is the toughest of them all. So what happened was when they had the Congress of Vienna, they were worried about France becoming more powerful. So they set Prussia up to be the so-called Sentinel on the Rine and they gave it a bunch of land which it hadn't owned before and doubled it in size and they gained 10 million people. So that Congress of Vienna which was dominated by by Meternick actually makes Prussia a much stronger country which they will probably regret later on. and it is the only German state that can rival Austria. Anyway, here's the expansion of Prussia. This is through the years as it gets bigger and bigger and bigger. We'll be dealing with this later on. Political cartoon here about the junkers. Uh I don't know that you call that a junker helmet. I do. Uh Bismar is frequently painted in one of these. Uh I went on a tangent because I love history on Frederick the Great. probably um not uh someone you really need to know if you're only going to write a paper one, but he was the famous enlightened monarch that ran Prussia. And he's very much a military person. He's the son of Frederick the soldiers king. And uh this is why Prussia is going to have such a dominant military. Uh anyway, probably inappropriate to show, but I always abre abbreviated the Hapsburgs and the Hansen to the Haps and the hoes. I never could pronounce the Henzelarns. I pronounced it Ho Henzolarn. So I just shortened it to the hose. And then I finally heard somebody pronounce it. I don't like reading pronunciation guides and learned that it was Henzelarn was actually pretty easy to say. And the most famous Henzelarn was Frederick the Great. And that's him leading his troops into battle. Quite the wararmonger. His nickname is the first servant of the state. Uh again, uh probably you don't need this for a paper one, but this is him as an old man getting out of his wagon to see this new thing these peasants are growing called the potato because he was actually concerned about the health of the poor. All right. The influence of liberal ideas and the emergence of a middle class. They tried to suppress liberalism. Now, this could very likely show up. Um what is liberalism or who wanted it? the middle class people, the business people, the doctors, the lawyers, exactly pretty much what we consider middle class United States today. And they were concentrated in port cities like Hamburgg. And the reason a lot of them are liberal is they're, and this is something you need to know, is they're exposed to these ideas. A lot of them coming in from overseas from countries that have already had revolutions like France and the United States. They own they were small businessmen, not big factory owners. Those people would be conservatives and the middle class was a separate entity from the upper class. Now this is important to know. They did not want a republic. They wanted a constitutional monarchy with rep representative assemblies or parliaments. And the reason probably they want this is because of the American Senate and House of Representatives and the uh the the examples they had gotten I don't know uh which aren't really happening right now but the examples they had gotten from the French there for a while where they had the National Assembly and the National Convention and this is the kind of thing liberals want. Now remember in the paper one you're going to need to identify a liberal and the re reason you um can identify them or what they believed in. Now pretty much everybody in the United States don't get this confused with the term American liberal. All Americans are liberal because we believe we need to restrict the rights of police. We think you should have free speech, the right to a trial by jury. All this stuff that is in our bill of rights. That is quite liberal stuff. And Republicans and Democrats supposedly anyway both believe in that. They wanted a middle way between democracy which they thought led to mob rule by stupid I'm sorry poor uneducated people and and they didn't want they didn't want an authoritarian monarch like Louis the 14th and uh a democracy ruled by people they didn't think were very intelligent and they thought this had what was happening in the French Revolution. You know look at all the people that had been guillotine. They thought this is what happens when you put ignorant, uneducated people in charge. They wanted to remove tariffs. Oh boy, is that a politically hot topic as I record this lecture. And they wanted more economic competition between countries. Um, some of the middle class uh took these ideas to the poor and they were radicals. A lot of them, they didn't really they wanted an uprising, a revolution, not a debate on rights. They just want to overthrow the monarchy. Pretty much what is going to happen later on when we get to the Russian Revolution. And a guild is something it's kind of difficult to explain be something good for you to Google and I may have an example of what a guild is coming up in the lecture. Something like a workers union in the United States. But a lot of them had been removed. So anyone could become an employer without having a guild. Many of the businessmen were had a strong sense of civic responsibility. That means they were involved. They led political campaigns. They can't they they were liberal leaders and they were spokesmen for this idea that the people needed more rights. Here's some um vocab here for you straight out of the Cambridge textbook. Here's another one. Kind of hard for me to explain. I know what it is. I had to teach it in AP European history. Uh but you can just get the definition here. Uh moving on. Many of them were university educated in the university that was the gateway to their professions. Boy, I'm giving you a lot on liberalism here. They read newspapers. They promoted literacy. The idea that you could read and write and they wanted to have the same rights that the Junker class had. And these landowning nobles are contra concentrated in Eastern Prussia. And they believe they were optimists had the ability for self-improvement. And these people were probably religious, most of them. Maybe not as religious as the conservatives. Um, anyway, I'm going to just stay off that topic. But the liberal ideas probably did not spread very far into the public. The conservatives were setting their ways. They had their power and they enjoyed it. And the poor were too busy being poor and feeding their children and working two or three jobs to keep food on the table. They probably did not have enough time for intellectual debate. uh and some of these um working class were interested but they tended to be radicals. They wanted radical revolutionary change not an uh a long extended path to something resembling democracy. Now the that's the ideas behind liberalism. Now let's talk about nationalist ideas. The big question is how strong was it? This would be a very good um well I can't that's a paper 2 a question. I don't know what they would do in a one but know what a nationalist is in the early 1800s they went hand in hand later on uh for instance here in the United States now again there's the terms are somewhat different a lot of liberals are horrified by the word nationalism and not a nationalist a lot of nationalists in this country are horrified by the word liberal but in the early 1800s in Europe they kind of went hand in hand and here's what these people believe the nationalists they believe the People of the same race, language, culture, history should be united in an independent nation of their own. And imagine how dangerous this is to Austria because if you give everybody there their own country where they speak the same language, then Austria is going to split split into 15 different countries. And that is what eventually this this nationalism bit which is going to launch the beginning of World War I in 1914, which we will talk about in unit four. and they believe they should govern themselves, the nationalists, with no interference from any other country. Uh, and it's associated with small groups. Uh, here's this term, the bur I've never heard this before, but they are me liberal professional people. These are the kind of people that are associated with this literate professional people and the members of these student associations. I have no idea how to pronounce that, but you do need to know it. and I Googled it and came up with this picture here. I don't really know how this plays into this. I don't know if these look like college kids or not. The guy on the left look like he got in a fight and lost. Uh, moving on here. Um, just going to let you read all this stuff. And uh, I don't This is a little bit more about these people. Anyway, moving on here. You can read all that at your leisure. The Germans had a common language and culture. And what we mean by that family stories they've been passed down but there was no religious unity because remember half of them are Catholics half are Protestants. Prussia Protestant Bavarian and Ben are Catholic. Just some of the breakdowns here. The Ger Germanic peoples had at this time a very relatively high level of literacy. So you'd en encounter more that could read and write than you would say in France, England or the United States. And and here we go again. I don't know how important this is. Uh but if you get an essay on nationalism of paper one, you can throw this in. This was supposedly awakened by the Napoleonic invasions. All right, let's see what else we got here. It filtered down eventually this nationalism to the middle class. And there's this idea of sovereignty. Again, I apologize about the typos. As my as a first year teacher, I was in a rush to write all these lectures. Frequently lighting writing them the morning before I did them. Uh anyway, the term sovereignty, and you might want to look up how to spell it, is the ultimate political authority within a state. In other words, who controls the state? If some other country controls your country, your state is not sovereign. All right, the conservative reaction, the nationalism. So, Metanix succeeded for 15 years in containing these two ideas after the Congress of Vienna. Uh, then a liberal student, I don't know much about this story, but I do know what happened. A liberal student murdered a conservative writer who was a Russian spy. And this caused uh that is Metickville. I don't know what it's doing in this part of the lecture. Should have been up there earlier. uh it caused uh Meternick to agree to these Carl'sbad decrees. That's why the picture is there. So there is this um assassination assassination and u and so he uh decides there's too much of this activity going on uh and he set up this thing called the Carl'sbad decrees. And what's happening with the Carl'sbad decrees? You want to write this? He's trying to squaltch anything that is arguing for liberalism or nationalism because that's the enemy of conservatism or at least conservative uh Habsburg rule. And here's some of the things they had to do. I mean, I don't know if you can imagine there being u things happening on university campuses that the government would disagree with, but here's an example. They each had to have an extraordinary commissioner to supervise this. These groups, the papers were were censored by the confederation and the diet. And there was a commission set up to root out organizations promoting liberalism and nationalism. And if you cannot make any modern-day connection here, there is certainly uh in in a country like Austria a vested interest in them seeing what is being taught in their schools, not so much their high schools because they didn't really exist there like they do today, but in their universities. And so they are putting the squelch on all these ideas all to maintain the power of conservatism. In time it spread across Germany, especially in the south. And there's several revolutions in France. But what happens in France is they have a second revolution. They had the 1789. They had one in 1830 that gave the French government a parliamentary monarchy. Now, what's interesting about this is the liberals want something like a parliamentary monarchy. And so when they see France getting one, remember a lot of these liberal ideas sweeping across Europe or maybe all of them, some of them came from the Americans clearly, but many came from the French. And so when the French have another revolution and set up this new type of government, a lot of them, the German states, the liberal German states want the same thing. So, four small German states give their people a constitution and the conservatives organize this uh Hamburgg festival in Bavaria calling themselves young young Germany, but they were jailed. Metanet re reacts harshly. And I tell you what, I'm going to let you write a lot of this stuff down here because you're only doing a paper one, uh, which is probably not as difficult as a paper two. So the main thing you do need to do is recognize some of these ideas. Okay. So he's trying to shut down all these u organizations and these things that are going on. So I just paused the video. You may not realize that to go back and double check my facts there. The Hanbach festival was more conservative and liberal. Not I'm sorry. It was more liberal and nationalistic, not conservative. And I thought I caught a mistake when I went through there. So it is a um the conservatives were unhappy with it because remember Meternick is a conservative pretty big mistake for me to make anyway but and I will fix it eventually. Moving on here. Um another typo here. Sorry. there was not really much chance of a revolution because during this time in Germany there were too few liberals and or nationalists to put up much of a fight. Remember most of the poor are absorbed with their own problems and the conservatives you know the landowning groups they are pretty happy the way things are the way they are. Uh the so Austria at this time had the support of the confederation and Prussia. So Austria was pretty dominant. All the powerful German states supported them. So they're going to, like I said, put the squelch on liberalism and nationalism. Uh Hanover's king revoked the constitution and they fired seven professors at the university who protested this and they are known as the Godington 7. And what's interesting about this is they were two brothers who were known to history as the brothers grim. And obviously they wrote a lot of fairy tales or at least recorded them. And u I don't know how many of these have been made into Disney movies because I'm 63 and I don't watch uh those uh movies. But anyway, here's some of the terms or the films that would come out of this. And so these guys pretty much think about this. They're learning classic German tales that have been passed down for years and they celebrated them. And that definition would make them nationalist. Now they could be liberals and like them and they certainly associated with the liberals. Uh so remember liberalism and nationalism are going hand in hand and I sus suspect a few conservatives would like this but this is more what's going to drive nationalism. The idea that they have something special and unique in being German. And so the princes arranged everything they could to be conservative so they could keep power of their legislatures. They restricted the vote to wealthy land owners. And here's the definition of indirect voting. They had them vote in estates. That should sound familiar. And these practices limited free speech and criticism of the political system. Uh anyway, we're going to pause it here in a minute, but here's the ruler of Prussia, Frederick Wilhelm IV, and he thought God wanted him to rule kindly. The reason those words are underlined, the fact that he's, you know, saying God put him there makes him a conservative and he believes that he's supposed to treat his people well, that would put him in the camp of the enlightened monarchs or the enlightened absolutists. He had some reforming instincts. Uh but he's a conservative. He's a conservative, but liberals think he's one of them because he acts like he cares much like his ancestor Frederick the Great. And there is a portrait of him. And uh we're going to take up with his on the next one.