okay this is gonna be the second half our discussion three pathways to get to produce 36 ATP's we're gonna do glycolysis first the gold o'clock pollicis is to do it without oxygen we don't even need a mitochondria to do that then we're gonna move into once we generated a little bit of ATP then we're gonna move into the mitochondria what we're gonna move into the mitochondria is what's left over that's part of the acid so part of the gas is gonna enter into the mitochondria and we're going to take it through the Krebs cycle and in the Krebs cycle we're gonna get to generate a little bit more ATP not a lot but a little bit then we get to produce a bunch of these electrons okay use these high energy electrons in the electron transport chain we do make a few of these electrons over here too so we do get to you service as well but the big electron source is us tearing down this part of Ag acid in the Krebs cycle and producing a bunch of electrons that we can carry to the other transport chain and use those to produce ATP okay Michael is this first okay says it's a three-phase pathway in which the glucose molecule is going to be oxidized into pyruvic acid so we're going to tear it down then we're going to create pyruvic acid in the process it's going to lose two pairs of hydrogens now think about hydrogen to remember that that hydrogen when it's normally in its simplest state it has one proton in the center and going around the outside of our hydrogen proton is one electron okay so that's hydrogen one proton and one electron so we're going to get two pairs of basically we could say two protons into electrons if we're talking about two pairs of hydrogens okay it says that there is a molecule that is a taxicab it carries these molecules of hydrogen these pairs of hydrogen's that we're gonna pick up nad is the taxicab for us it's gonna pick up the nad and it's going to become NADH that's where one hydrogen is gonna come from and then we're gonna also carry another proton of hydrogen with it okay so we have two electrons in two protons or out huh on this dude okay except two pairs of hydrogen's of the last about the glucose molecule and what we do with those is send them to the electron transport chain okay so they're gonna hit and electron transport chain lock with a earlier so what they're with those in the third face okay what are we going to make we're gonna make pyruvic acid okay we're gonna make those protons up here we're gonna make pyruvic acid as an end product okay and in doing so we get to make some ATP ATP is gonna be synthesized because we have a place to stick some phosphates on okay it's called substrate level phosphorylation I'll show it to you here in just a second okay but once you get the perfect acid made that is we're done with mycosis okay we're done with my Costas once you make the pruvit acid and then with that some different pathways that the Prima gas can make if there is oxygen and we've got mitochondria we can move into the Krebs cycle move it into the mitochondria that's available so I almost got sufficient oxygen we can do it this way that a bunch of ATP if we don't have oxygen or we don't have a mitochondria we're left doing it this way okay where the pyruvic acid then make any more ATP we convert it to lactic acid this is something we used to think mayor muscle sore we were working out so hard that we did not have enough oxygen in our muscles to produce enough ATP we would converted to lactic acid like the gas it gives us that burner that we feel in the muscles sometimes it doesn't cause them to be sore the next day okay because it's very quickly moved to the liver so that's an old lab stick I'm okay so let's look at it okay let's keep up up here get a black pen let's keep up up here with the number of these little black balls that we've got these are the carbons okay we looked at the glucose molecule remembering the c6 h-12 o-6 okay c6 h-12 o-6 all we're showing you here is the glucose these excuse me is the carbons on the glucose molecule but remember that there's hydrogens and oxygens attached each one of these has hydrogens and around it and there's some oxygens that are attached to those as well okay so we're starting this glucose molecule and the first thing we're going to do is spin two ATP's and that doesn't seem like a good thing to do to spend ATP's in order to make ATP's but it's gonna work out for us because what we're going to do is we're going to take the two ATP's and all this is if you remember is you have three phosphates attached to our big sugar molecule here and the three phosphates are going to be my little balls here okay and what we're gonna do is we're gonna cut it right here and this phosphate but that does this liberate energy here and we get a phosphate out there so what we're left with is a DP DP it so I got two phosphates on it and then there is an individual phosphate over here okay so this up here ATP is attached okay this is a D and a pea okay so we're going to take the two peas that we can liberate this way from an ATP molecule and now we've got this and we've got energy and we're gonna stick these Peas on to both ends of our glucose molecule so it went from the glucose molecule to now having two phosphates on both ends it's called and you don't need to know what it's called but it's about fructose 1 6 it's on the first part of the sixth carbon because phosphate ok so all it says has been to two phosphates on it ok and then what we go through is a sugar cleavage phase where I'm going to cut this molecule in half right here we've got it enzyme that's going to help us do that not that you have to worry about it but that's gonna do is give us this molecule here which is a three carbon molecule with a phosphate on it and this molecule over here which is a three carbon molecule with a phosphate on it okay so we got phosphates available now we're gonna need more and where this comes again okay this inorganic phosphate they called it that is all of these that are inside of ourselves all of these phosphates that because remember we're always using ATP so instead of our inside of our muscles right now we could find a TV if we can find ATP and P okay so there's lots of ATP and P in your muscles even for sleeping we're still using ATP even if you're complete rest we're still making and using ATP so there's always going to be extra phosphates available for us to stick onto a TV markets for ATP molecules highlighting to make the ATP okay so we got a bunch of these that are in the cell and we're gonna use a couple of these plus a couple of these and this is gonna give us four piece that we can take and put it on to for a edp's okay so at this point I use the tester that's okay make me some a make me some ADP okay make me some ATP you know you got to do this nothing because we're constantly making energy in our bodies so that we can use it so we're breaking down this A to B one of you okay so let's like make me something say good job okay because just breathing the heartbeat all of that kind of stuff makes it requires energy so it makes us break down that ATP molecule okay so we've always got a bunch of used up the energy a DP we've got a bunch of these phosphates folk around so once we've done that we have enough energy to put the piece onto ADP what do we make we make four ATP's okay now when we do this it causes us to lose some hydrogens okay and the two hydrogen's that are lost we're going to pick them up with our NADH molecule there's two NADH molecules they're going to come pick up the two pairs of hydrogen's so we're going to end up with 2 NADH + H all I'm saying is we've got two hydrogens that get picked up by this guy and this goes taxicab up to the electron transport chain we've made four ATP's it costs us - that's a pretty good deal if I give you two dollars and you give me four in return I will do that all day with you right takes two to make full takes to make four we win in that situation okay so we're able to make some ATP this way and what are we left with well if it's two three carbon molecules look at this we've got two three carbon molecules here two times three is six we started with six okay we really have not done that much okay all we've done he's taking away some of the hydrogen's now and phosphorylate from a substrate in that substrate when you look at it it was our old buddy here okay we've got to phosphorylate from that that was our phosphate source okay so the big deal here the big take-home message is we make two ATP's okay the way we do it it costs us two to make four so the nets are going to be - okay it costs us two up here to make four down here so we get to make two ATP's what else do we make well we've made some hydrogens that you get two cent electron transport chain and we made pyruvic acid okay everything else we can find okay now we got two choices here we said if there's oxygen and mitochondria we're going this way if there's no oxygen no mitochondria we go this way okay then we get stuck producing lactic acid okay all right let's move from glycolysis into the crypts acronym okay Krebs cycle also known as the citric acid cycle TCA cycle okay what do we start with we start with our old buddy pyruvic acid so we're gonna move it in to the mitochondria and remember this mitochondria has a bunch of walls on the inside we call them the cristae on the inside of this and this is where we can embed a ton of enzymes to help us with things okay once we move the pyruvic acid into the mitochondria now we have to convert it to something that we can stick in the actual cycle okay so what we're going to use is an enzyme it's coenzyme a and what coenzyme a does is it knocks a carbon off of our three carbon molecule remember every bagasse it has three carbons on it with the hydrogen's and the oxygens - we're just not showing them okay but when we hit it with the coenzyme a coenzyme a knocks off a carbon it takes the oxygen with it so we hit that with co2 okay every one of the carbons when we knock a carbon off it's gonna leave the co2 okay so this co2 y'all know gets moved into the respiratory system and we exhale the co2 so that's a great question that I've asked students for years now where does the co2 come from okay the co2 confirm that we are exhaling in the respiratory system but it comes from metabolism every cell in our body that's doing metabolism is generating co2 goes to generate co2 gotta break down carbon sources in the Krebs cycle okay okay so this is a three carbon molecule right here pyruvic acid is a three carbon molecule when we hit it with coenzyme a it knocks off it knocks off carbon and because there's some hydrogen's attached to that carbon it's already in the cycle well where'd that come from I don't know okay put the two carbon acetyl coenzyme a combines with the four carbon to give us a six carbon and then six carbon we call citric acid that's what gives us the name the citric acid cycle up here and when it facilitates this reaction we get the coenzyme a back so the coenzyme a and go back and do this job over and over and over again remember 91 we said that it was not used up enzymes weren't used up in the reaction they do it over and over and over again okay so now we've got a six carbon molecule okay and it gets easy for this part for the six carbon molecule we're gonna hit it with an enzyme that knocks off the co2 when we knock off the co2 the carbons going to lead as it's complete as carbon dioxide that carbons didn't knock off then attacked with oxygens and what are we going to liberate we're going to liberate more hydrogen's and who picks up the hydrogens in ADH okay it was a six carbon we knocked off the carbon so now we've done a five carbon let's do it again let's hit it was another enzyme knock off another co2 okay don't see no to believe in the respiratory system what's left over the hydrogen's who picks up the hydrogen's nad at this point we've got enough energy in the system to produce an ATP one ATP okay and then we continue on and we're gonna hit it with another carbon and knock off I'm sorry we're gonna rearrange the molecule I'm gonna knock off a carbon this time okay we're gonna rearrange the molecule because there's a four carbon molecule here now okay if we if we want to remember what happened okay we want to remember worth how we got to a four carbon molecule okay how we got to a four carbon molecule was we started with a three carbon molecule here that we knocked off of carbon that was already a four carbon in here okay we attach the two carbon the two to the four and that that is a six then we hit with an enzyme knocked off a carbon that got us to a five here with another enzyme knocked off another carbon that got us to a home okay and then all the hydrogen's got picked up here now we've got a four carbon molecule and we make this ATP this four carbon molecule we're gonna rearrange the molecule so that we should liberate some hydrogen's on the other make some double bonds between the carbons and that's gonna give us two sets of hydrogens coming off okay and who picks up nad and then we got a different taxicab company that's gonna pick one of these up and it's called fadh2 fadh2 and NADH they're both taxicab companies it's like heaven the Yellin taxicab company and the black-and-white taxicab company okay they do the same thing just one of them has a little bit more dilapidated Texas okay so once we make this circuit now we're back to a four carbon molecule that is ready to accept the next acetyl coenzyme a okay so that's how we get all the way through that's one trip through the Krebs cycle okay now remember that our glucose molecule that we started with it had six carbons on it and from that six government Lucas molecule we made pyruvic acid molecules so when we do this everything as far as these products co2 numbers ATP numbers numbers all of these get doubled because there's really two pyruvic acid molecules right because the original six carbon gave us two of these okay so we'll summarize that for you here just a second okay we'll summarize it all together what we've got left if you think about it we started with six carbons 12 hydrogen's and six oxygens okay now my question is what we got left over one of what are the products of this okay I know all if I got rid of all my carbons I better have made six co2 because I started with six carbon track all the carpets are made it to co2 all the oxygens are converted into these co2 s these there's three per turn you got to make two targets to get our six done okay so we got six co2 s made I mean to make an ATP per turn how many turns two times so two ATP's okay and then I get the NADH here the NADH here NADH here NADH here that's one two three four and a ths okay times two okay that's my products its co2 okay two ATP's which are the important thing to thank you peace okay one two three four NADH plus h in AD and that's what they show it's really getting the h plus h into f-a-a age okay now what happened to the carbon dioxide carbon dioxide gets exhaled it's gone they tailed okay what else we got two ATP's let's use those ATP so they're gone what we got left to make a tea with we got the hydrogen's okay we got the protons and the electrons of hydrogen to use to make the ATP okay and that's why we're gonna send all of this to the electron transport system okay so how many ATP's did we make in that kala system we made two and it really made for we're used to making so little eat it and then we got to from the glucose molecule okay in the Krebs cycle now if we're gonna make 36 we still got a lot of ATP to produce so when you think about 32-bit made okay most of it is being made here in the other country in sports system and to do that it's required to have oxygen in it's required to have that Montgomery all right let's go on so what we do it we're transporting our taxicabs the tax accounts are going to carry them to the other country to a check okay and then we're gonna go to right here what's gonna happen in this system is here's got the whole mitochondria here we're looking at this little piece right up here where here's the outer wall of dark mitochondria inside this it's gonna be studied with enzymes these enzymes are proteins that are gonna help us transport things around okay they're they're designed to move electrons okay so let me tell you how it works okay here's our NADH molecule that NADH molecule and I'll show you a video of it because if you're just a little bit the NADH molecules it says okay let me burn my NADH here and drop it they drop off my hydrogen's so the NADH is gonna give the hydrogen's okay now what it's gonna give is the electrons of the hydrogen's so the electrons of that remember hydrogen is an electron and a proton proton and electron so what it's going to do is give the electrons to this first protein okay to get two electrons it's carrying two electrons it's gonna give those two electrons to this and those two electrons have the capability the energy for this first protein here to pump two protons across okay now the protons are down in here and it doesn't have to be the same protons that are being carried by this but there's a bunch of protons down here and I'll show you why okay but the two electrons pump two protons okay and did those electrons get transferred okay we're gonna send them on down the road okay so they're here we got the electrons in here okay there's two of them we send it through this little carrier right here to this one okay this is our second transmembrane protein and those two electrons once they get here and pump true protons across so we got two here we got two here okay and then we've got another carrier the can carry them across till we get it over here okay and the two electrons can eventually pump the hydrogen's across okay I'm some the protons I said hydrogen's the protons across okay so what we've done is from one NADH molecule how many protons did we pump we got to pump six protons across okay so what that does is create a much more positive situation up here because we're pumping all these positive protons across so it's going to be more positive here it's going to be more negative here which way did the protons want to go they want to go back through and we're going to allow them to go through we've got another we've got our fourth transmembrane protein this is called ATP synthase and this is what magically makes the ATP for every two protons that we allow to go back this way we're able to put a B onto ADP make ATP okay so if we pump six protons it takes two to make an ATP and the ATP's can we make for one of the original nadh molecules that pump the six we can make three ATP's from just one of those and think about how many we've got they've made eight in the citric acid cycle right 8 times 3 is 24 as a ton of ATP just from the NADH ok so what I want to do now is provide a video it shows this stems mass video but using it for years I think it really explains what's going on and I'll post that video and then we'll talk about it's more ok