Lecture Notes: Forced and Voluntary Migration

Introduction

• Migration: Permanent change of residence by an individual or group.
  • Emigration: Leaving a country or political territory.
  • Immigration: Moving into a country or different political territory.
  • Example: Moving from the United States to Scotland involves emigrating from the US and immigrating to Scotland.
• Acronyms: E for exit (emigration), I for in (immigration).

Forced Migration

• Definition: Migration where the individual has no choice but to move.
• Reasons for Forced Migration:
  • Life-saving: To save oneself or one's family.
  • Human trafficking, forced child labor, child soldiers, slavery.
• Asylum Seeking and Refugees:
  • Asylum seekers: Individuals seeking international protection, awaiting claim decision.
  • Refugees: Forced to leave their country and cross international boundaries to escape war, persecution, or disasters.
• Internally Displaced Person (IDP):
  • Forced to flee home but not crossing international boundaries.
  • Causes: Armed conflict, generalized violence, human rights violations, natural/human-made disasters.

Voluntary Migration

• Definition: Migration occurring from individual choice.
• Reasons for Voluntary Migration:
  • Economic, political, social, or environmental push and pull factors.
• Types of Voluntary Migration:
  • Transnational Migration: Moving between countries, often retaining connections with home countries, can lead to chain migration (family reunification policies).
  • Chain Migration: Naturalized citizens sponsor family members to immigrate.
  • Step Migration: Migration occurring in stages, potentially facing intervening obstacles or opportunities.
  • Guest Workers: Temporary migration for work or education, often sending remittances back home.

Migration Without Crossing International Boundaries

• Transhumans Migration:
  • Related to agriculture, cyclical seasonal movement of livestock.
  • Example: Movement between highlands in summer and lowlands in winter.
• Economic Migration: Often from rural to urban areas for better opportunities.
• Intra-regional vs. Inter-regional Migration:
  • Intra-regional: Movement within the same region.
  • Inter-regional: Movement between different regions within the same country.

Conclusion

• Review and practice knowledge.
• Resources: Ultimate review packet available for further learning.
• Encouragement to continue engaging with the material and practicing for exams.

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