Unit 1
Colonization
- 3 Colonial Regions
o New England, Middle/Mid-Atlantic, Southern
o New England
▪ No religious freedom, shipbuilding & trade due to poor geographic conditions o Middle
▪ Religious Tolerance, Trade & Farming
o Southern
▪ Economic NOT Religious, Cash Crops (Tobacco), Slavery
o Mercantilism
▪ Colonies provided raw materials to mother country (England) in return for finished goods
Colonial Government
- Settlers brought ideas of limited government/individual rights from Magna Carta/English Bill of Rights
- New England
o Town Meetings (Everyone has a voice)
- Virginia
o House of Burgesses (White, landowning males were elected to represent citizens) - SALUTARY NEGLECT (Colonists are LEFT ALONE TO GOVERN THEMSELVES)
Road to Revolution
- French & Indian War (British need $ to pay off War Debt)
o Proclamation Line of 1763: Can’t settle past App. Mountains to prevent conflicts w/Natives
- Parliament imposes taxes on colonists to pay off debt
o Sons/Daughters of Liberty boycott British Goods
o Boston Massacre & Boston Tea Party
American Revolution
- Common Sense (Thomas Paine): encourage colonists to support independence - Declaration of Independence
o Influence: John Locke (Life, Liberty, Property)
o Thomas Jefferson (Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness)
Articles & Constitution
1. Articles of Confederation: 1st form of government; States hold power; WEAK central government ▪ GOOD: Northwest Ordinance (process of territories becoming states)
▪ BAD: No President (executive) or Courts (Judicial); no power to collect taxes; no national army
▪ Shays’ Rebellion showed Articles were WEAK & need for stronger government 2. Constitution
a. Replaced Articles
i. Virginia Plan: Favored Big States, Representation based on POPULATION ii. New Jersey Plan: Favored Small States; 1 vote per state
iii. Great Compromise: Bicameral Legislature- House of Reps (Population), Senate (2 per state)
iv. 3/5ths Compromise: Counting of enslaved persons for representation purposes b. Ratification Debate
i. Federalists (FOR) strong central government; Anti-Federalists (State
Governments; Bill of Rights)
Political Parties
- Washington warned against: Political Parties; Staying out of Foreign Affairs o Alexander Hamilton (FEDERALIST)
▪ Strong Central Government
▪ LOOSE Interpretation of Constitution; NECESSARY & PROPER/ELASTIC CLAUSE
o Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)
▪ State Governments
▪ STRICT Interpretation of Constitution
o Whiskey Rebellion: Showed strength of Constitution
- John Adams (Federalist)
o Alien & Sedition Acts
▪ Sedition Acts were unconstitutional
● Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions: States could nullify (invalidate) laws
that were unconstitutional
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
- Judiciary Act 1789: Creates Courts & Supreme Court
- John Adams appoints new Federalist Judges
o William Marbury doesn’t receive his commission to become a judge
- Supreme Court rules Judiciary Act 1789 is unconstitutional
o Judicial Review: Supreme Court can determine if laws are CONSTITUTIONAL
Unit 2
Westward Expansion
- Louisiana Purchase (1803)
o Thomas Jefferson; $15 million; France; Lewis & Clark sent to explore o War of 1812
▪ Embargo Act (1807): Hurt US Economy; Prevented Trade w/other countries ▪ Impressment- Taking of Sailors
▪ Native Attacks on Frontier
▪ War Hawks- Pushing for War
▪ Treaty of Ghent (1814)- Ended War of 1812
▪ Battle of New Orleans- Andrew Jackson = HERO
Monroe Doctrine & Manifest Destiny
- Era of Good Feelings
o Entered after the War of 1812
- Monroe Doctrine (1823)
o Warned European nations to stay out of Western Hemisphere
- Moving West
o Manifest Destiny: God given right to expand west from Atlantic to Pacific ▪ Florida (1819)
▪ James K. Polk (President)
● Texas (1845)
● Oregon (1846)
● Mexican Cession (1848)
● Gadsden Purchase (1853)
Sectionalism
- Antebellum (1820-1860): Before the Civil War
o Sectionalism created political & economic tensions between the North & South - North
o Factories, Businesses, Trade
▪ Anti-Slavery
▪ Pro Tariff (tax): Protects American Businesses
- South
o Farming, Cash Crops, Agriculture
▪ Pro-Slavery (“King Cotton”)
▪ Anti-Tariff (tax): Hurts Farmers
- American System (Henry Clay)
▪ Connect the United States
● Central Bank; Tariff on Goods; Transportation Networks
● Erie Canal
- Reforms
o 2nd Great Awakening (1800s): Religious Movement that inspired reforms ● Abolitionism: Movement to end slavery
Age of Jackson
- Election of 1824
o Henry Clay (Speaker of House) convinces House to elect JQA in return for Secretary of State job
▪ Jackson accuses of “Corrupt Bargain”
- JQA Presidency
o Tariff of 1828 (Abominations)
▪ Helps North; Hurts South
▪ SC threatens to nullify ($ in slavery; not industry); John C. Calhoun
- Jackson Presidency
o Victory for Common Man (Common Folk/Farmers)
o Universal Suffrage (All white males could vote)
o Spoils System
▪ Rewarding supporters with government jobs
o Strict Interpretation of Constitution
▪ Uses power of veto (reject/deny)
● 2nd National Bank
- Indian Removal Act (1830)
▪ Jackson forces Cherokee from Southeastern US to Oklahoma; “Trail of Tears”
Unit 3
Road to the Civil War
North
- Industries/Factories/Anti-Slavery
- Steam Engine (Helped connect major industrial centers)
South
- Farming/Plantations/Pro-Slavery
- Cotton Gin (Grew slavery immensely)
*AS WE MOVE WEST, THE BIG QUESTION IS REGARDING THE STATUS OF SLAVERY (FREE OR SLAVE?)*
- Free Soil: Stop the spread of slavery into western states
Missouri Compromise 1820 (Henry Clay)
- Missouri: Free
- Maine: Slave
- 36/30 Line
o Above- Free
o Below- Slave
Compromise of 1850 (Henry Clay)
- People could vote on Status of Slavery (Popular Sovereignty)
o North
▪ California is Free State
o South
▪ Stronger Fugitive Slave Law
Abolitionism- movement to end slavery
- Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Harriet Beecher Stowe)
- Underground Railroad (Harriet Tubman)
Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)
- Popular Sovereignty (people voting on status of slavery) leads to violence… “Bleeding Kansas” Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
- Slaves are not citizens (property)
- Congress can’t forbid slavery in federal territories (Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional)
The Civil War
- Lincoln’s election in 1860 led to South seceding from Union (forms Confederate States of America)
- Lincoln’s #1 Goal: Preserve the Union (Keep the country together)
- Anaconda Plan
o Union’s plant to “suffocate” the South
▪ Blockade Southern Ports
▪ Split Confederacy at Mississippi River
o Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
▪ Freed enslaved people in Southern States (wasn’t enforced in the South)
o 54th Massachusetts
▪ All-African American Regiment
o March to the Sea (William Sherman)
▪ Destroy everything in his path
Fort Sumter
Civil War Begins
Gettysburg
Turning Point
Vicksburg
North wins control of Mississippi
Appomattox Courthouse
Civil War ends
Reconstruction
- How would Southern states be brought back into the Union?
- Civil War Amendments
o 13th: Abolished Slavery
o 14th: Equal protection & citizenship
o 15th: African-American males can vote
- Reconstruction Acts of 1867
o Divide south into 5 military districts
- Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
o Established to help former slaves
- Compromise 1877
o Rutherford B. Hayes becomes President
o Federal troops removed from the South ending Reconstruction
- Black Codes
o Restrict the rights of African-Americans
- Jim Crow Laws
o Passed to keep black citizens from voting
▪ Literacy tests
▪ Poll Taxes
▪ Grandfather Clause
- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
o Established “Separate but Equal”
Unit 4
Connecting the West
Moving West after Civil War
- Exodusters (African-Americans)
- Mormons (religious freedom)
Homestead Act 1862
- 160 acres of free land to anyone willing to farm & settle
Pacific Railway Act 1862
- Construction of Railroads
o Transcontinental Railroad
▪ Chinese & Irish Immigrants
Indian Wars
- Conflict between Native Americans & White Settlers
o Killing of buffalo to build railroads
- Battle of Little Bighorn
- Wounded Knee Massacre
Dawes Act 1887
- Divide reservations into smaller plots to open up surplus land to white settlement Assimilation
- Turn Native Americans “White”
Big Business
- “Gilded Age”
o US becomes largest economy
o Glittering on Surface; Corruption underneath
- Republican Party = BIG BUSINESS
o “Laissez-Faire”: Government is HANDS-OFF
- Monopolies are created
- Robber Barons/Captains of Industry
o John D. Rockefeller- Standard Oil
▪ Horizontal Integration: Buying out competitors
o Andrew Carnegie- US Steel
▪ Vertical Integration: Buying all parts of the production process
o Cornelius Vanderbilt- Railroads
o JP Morgan- Banking
- Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
o Attempted to break-up monopolies
Urbanization/Immigration
- Cities GROW
o People moving to cities for jobs
o Immigrants flock to cities
▪ Political Machines
∙ Promised jobs, housing, citizenship in return for votes
o Boss Tweed (“Tammany Hall”)- New York City
- Nativism
o Needs of native-born over immigrants
Populist Movement
- Farmers are Struggling
o Railroads charging unfair rates
o DEBT due to buying new inventions
- Granger Movement
o Give farmers a stronger voice in Government
- Interstate Commerce Act 1887
o Required railroads to charge a fair rate
- Populist Party
o Unlimited coinage of silver
o Direct election of Senators
o Income Tax
o 8 hour workday
Progressive Movement
- Muckrakers (journalists exposing corruption)
o Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)- meatpacking industry
o Jacob Riis (How the Other Half Lives)- slum housing conditions o Ida Tarbell- Exposed Standard Oil
o Lewis Hine- Child Labor
- Labor Unions (protect workers from abuse)
o Collective Bargaining- negotiations between employer & workers o Strikes
- Women’s Suffrage Movement
o Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
▪ Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Teddy Roosevelt
o Square Deal (3 C’s)
▪ Conservation
▪ Consumer Protection
∙ Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food & Drug Act
▪ Corporations
∙ “Trust Buster”
- Woodrow Wilson
o Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
▪ Gave government more power over trusts
o Federal Reserve Act 1913
- Progressive Amendments
o 16th: Income Tax
o 17th: Direct Election of Senators
o 18th: Prohibited sale/manufacture of alcohol
o 19th: Women can vote
Unit 5
American Imperialism
- Imperialism: expansion of one country’s political, economic, and military influence over another o Social Darwinism
o Expansion of Markets
- Spanish-American War
o USS Maine explodes in Cuba
▪ “Yellow Journalism”- exaggerated newspaper headlines
o Acquired
▪ Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines
▪ Control of Cuba
o Annexed Hawaii 1898
- European countries have “Spheres of Influence” in China
o “Open Door Policy”
▪ All foreign countries have trading rights with China
US Foreign Policy
- US becomes involved in Latin America after Spanish-American War
o Construction of Panama Canal
o Shortcut between Atlantic & Pacific Oceans
- Teddy Roosevelt
o “Big Stick Diplomacy”- negotiate peacefully but will use force if necessary; Great White Fleet (Naval Power)
o Roosevelt Corollary- strengthened the Monroe Doctrine (act as policeman in Latin America)
WWI
- US is neutral when WWI breaks out
3 reasons for US involvement
1. Sinking of Lusitania (Americans are killed)
2. Submarine Warfare (German u-boats sinking ships)
3. Zimmerman Telegram (Germany tries to get Mexico to attack US)
Espionage/Sedition Acts
- Illegal to voice opposition or interfere with war effort
Propaganda
- Government trying to get public behind war effort
Treaty of Versailles ends WWI
o President Wilson proposes League of Nations
▪ US never joins (don’t want to be dragged into foreign affairs)
Unit 6
Roaring 20s
- Henry Ford: Assembly Line
- Installment Plan
o “Buy Now, Pay Later”
- “Flappers”
o Young women who acted in unconventional ways
- Great Migration
o 6 million African-Americans left the South & settled in the North & Midwest for education/economic opportunities
- Harlem Renaissance (“Rebirth of Black Culture”
- “Red Scare”
o Americans were scared about the spread of communism
- Fundamentalism v. Modernism
o Scopes Monkey Trial (1925): Evolution v. Christianity
Great Depression
- Republican Presidents believe in “laissez-faire” (Government is Hands-Off) - Americans are investing in the Stock Market to “get rich quick” (speculation/buying on margin) - October 29, 1929 (Stock Market Crash)
o High Unemployment, Banks Closed, Hoovervilles
- Dust Bowl
o Severe drought leads to massive dust storms
o People moved from the Midwest to California
New Deal
- Franklin D. Roosevelt spoke directly to the American People (“Fireside Chats”) over the Radio - 3 R’s
o Relief- Unemployed
o Recovery- Businesses
o Reform- Economic Institutions
- Relief
o Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)- government paid farmers to grow less o Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)- employed young men to complete conservation projects
- Recovery
o Works Progress Administration (WPA)- public works projects
- Reform
o Federal Deposit Insurance Commission (FDIC)- insured customer’s deposits with federal money
o National Labor Relations Act- workers could form labor unions & collective bargain o Fair Labor Standards Act- established minimum wage, 40 hour work week, restricted child labor
- “Court Packing”
o Roosevelt attempted to add 6 new judges to help gain support for his New Deal Legislation
Unit 7
WWII & Holocaust
- WWII begins when Hitler invades Poland
o United States remains neutral
▪ Lend-Lease Act (1941)
∙ U.S. provides weapons to Great Britain
o Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, pulling the US into war
▪ War Production Board
∙ Factories moved to war-time production
∙ Government issued propaganda to get public support for the war
o Minorities in WWII
▪ Women worked in factories (Rosie the Riveter)
▪ Navajo Code Talkers
▪ Tuskegee Airmen
▪ Executive Order 8082
∙ Prevented racial discrimination in defense industry
▪ Double V Campaign
∙ “Victory Abroad (Fighting for freedom overseas) & Victory at Home
(equality for African-Americans at home)
o Executive Order 9066
▪ Relocated Japanese-Americans to internment camps
∙ Korematsu v. United States (1944)
o Harry Truman drops 2 atomic bombs on Japan
▪ Ends WWII
o The Holocaust
▪ 6 million Jews killed
▪ Nation of Israel created (1948)
o United Nations
▪ International peacekeeping organization
The Cold War
- Post WWII
o Congress passes the GI Bill
o Gave $$ to veterans returning from war for school & loans for businesses/houses o “Baby Boom”
o Growth of Suburbs
▪ People moved to the outskirts of the city
- Cold War
o United States (Democratic/Capitalist) v. Soviet Union (Communist)
▪ Containment
∙ Prevent the spread of communism
o NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): alliance against
Soviet Union
o Truman Doctrine: give $ to European countries resisting
communism
o Eisenhower Doctrine: give $ to Middle Eastern countries
resisting communism
∙ Marshall Plan
o Gave $$ to Western Europe to rebuild & resist Communism
o Korean War
▪ Communist North; Democratic South (38th Parallel)
o 2nd Red Scare
▪ Witch hunt to target potential communists (Joseph McCarthy)
o John F. Kennedy
▪ Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
∙ US agrees to remove missiles from Turkey as Soviets remove missiles from Cuba
Civil Rights Movement
- Movement to secure Civil Rights for African-Americans
- De Jure Segregation: Legal Segregation
- De Facto Segregation: practice of discrimination not mandated by law - Brown v. Board of Education
o Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson; Separate is NOT equal
- MLK (Non-Violence-Civil Disobedience)
o Sit-ins
o Montgomery Bus Boycott
o Selma March
o “I have a Dream Speech”
- Malcolm X (Secure Rights via Any Means Necessary)
o Black Panther Party
- Civil Rights Legislation
o Civil Rights Act 1964
▪ Outlaws segregation & discrimination
∙ Public Places, Employment & Schools
o Voting Rights Act 1965
▪ Prohibited discrimination at the voting booths
∙ Outlawed poll taxes & literacy tests
Johnson/Nixon & Vietnam
- Johnson’s Program: Great Society (THINK NEW DEAL)
o Greatly expanded the role of the government
▪ Eliminate poverty & racial injustice
∙ Medicare & Medicaid
- Vietnam
o Domino Theory (1 country falls to communism; others would fall) o Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
▪ Gave President Johnson the power to intervene in Vietnam
o Vietnam is UNPOPULAR
o Anti-War Protests
▪ Kent State Massacre
o Nixon Elected in 1968
▪ “Vietnamization”
∙ When the US withdraws, Vietnam becomes Communist
o War Powers Act 1973
▪ Must have Congressional Approval to send troops in Combat Areas
Modern America
Richard Nixon
- “Silent Majority”
o Population who supports Nixon without expressing their beliefs - “New Federalism”
o Certain powers are returned to the states
- “Détente”
o Easing of tensions between nations
- Watergate Scandal
o Nixon resigns from Presidency
Roe V. Wade (1973)
- Women’s right to an abortion
Jimmy Carter
- Stagflation (High Unemployment & High Inflation)
- Camp David Accords
o Peace between Israel & Egypt
- Iranian Hostage Crisis
Ronald Reagan
- Moral Majority
o Christianity influenced Conservative Beliefs
- “Trickle-Down” Economics
o Cut taxes on wealthy & businesses
▪ Invest $$ into economy
George H.W. Bush
- Soviet Union collapses
- Persian Gulf War
Bill Clinton
- North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
- Impeached for alleged affair; acquitted (not removed from office) George W. Bush
- 2000 Election (Supreme Court declares Bush the winner) - September 11, 2001 (Terror Attacks)
o War on Terror (Iraq & Afghanistan)
- Great Recession
Barack Obama
- Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)
o Health insurance is more affordable/available for everyone